ABSTRACT
The standard approaches for the preclinical development of chronically administered drugs also apply to most respiratory drugs. Modifications from the standard preclinical development plan, however, may be necessary if the drug is administered intranasally or by inhalation. Administration by these routes may result in airway toxicity and the intended patient population is often particularly susceptible. Current and former representatives of the Division of Pulmonary Drug Products (CDER, U.S. FDA) present this article to describe general principles of preclinical development for respiratory drug indications. The article addresses drugs intended for administration by the intranasal or inhalation routes. The article describes the types of studies recommended, considers the initial human dose, and discusses dose-escalation strategies in clinical trials. Other areas of special concern with intranasal or inhalation administration include immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, types of dosing apparatus, excipients and extractables, and formulation changes. The approaches described in this article are intended as general information and should be adapted to the scientific considerations and circumstances of a particular drug under development.
Subject(s)
Research , Respiratory System Agents/toxicity , Humans , Research DesignABSTRACT
A national telephone survey was conducted to compare prescription drug information seeking by younger and elderly patients. Though the elderly were less likely to receive counseling from health professionals, they were more likely to consult mass media sources. Path analyses indicated that collateral variables (such as patient's condition and pharmacy type) moderated information-seeking patterns.
