ABSTRACT
Reperfusion of ischaemic myocardium is accompanied by cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Although a protective role of propofol in this process has been suggested, the exact mechanism of propofol activity remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that propofol protects cardiac H9c2 cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death by attenuating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and by up-regulating heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression levels. Treatment with 25 µM propofol significantly protected against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death, as determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and Western blot analysis using anti-apoptotic signal proteins, such as apoptotic protease activating factor 1 and caspase 9. Propofol furthermore suppressed the ERK signaling pathway in cardiac H9c2 cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. The up-regulation of anti-oxidant enzymes such as HO-1, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase is also associated with the protective effect of propofol on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death. Taken together, the results reveal a new mechanism by which propofol inhibits hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell death in cardiac H9c2 cells, supporting a potential application of propofol as a preemptive cardioprotectant.
Subject(s)
Apoptosis/drug effects , Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology , Cytoprotection/drug effects , Myoblasts/pathology , Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology , Oxygen/pharmacology , Propofol/pharmacology , Animals , Antioxidants/metabolism , Cell Hypoxia/drug effects , Cell Line , Cell Survival/drug effects , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Myoblasts/drug effects , Myoblasts/enzymology , Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects , Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology , Phosphorylation/drug effects , RatsABSTRACT
To evaluate the efficacy of various treatments for pelvic congestion syndrome in patients with different stress levels, we analyzed one hundred six patients with pelvic congestion syndrome, confirmed with laparoscopy and venography, who did not respond to medication after 4-6 months medication. They were divided into three groups: (embolotherapy; hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy and hormone replacement therapy; and hysterectomy with unilateral oophorectomy). The visual analog scale was used to measure degree of pain; stress level data were scored with the revised social readjustment rating scale. Embolotherapy was significantly more effective at reducing pelvic pain, compared to the other methods (p < 0.05). The mean percentage decrease in pain was significantly greater in the patients with lower stress scores (p < 0.05). Ovarian and/or internal iliac vein embolization appears to be a safe, well-tolerated, effective treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome that has not responded to medication.
