Implementation of preconception care for preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes in rural and tribal areas of Nashik District, India.

Introduction: The World Health Organization has suggested preconception care to improve pregnancy outcomes. Hence, the study aimed to compare the effect of preconception care on pregnancy outcomes, particularly prematurity and low birth weight. Methods: We carried out interventions in one tribal and one non-tribal block. For comparison, one adjacent tribal block and one non-tribal block were included in Nashik district, India. The total study period was from April 2018 to July 2021. All reproductive age group women desiring pregnancy within one year in selected four blocks participated in the study. The services included clinical examination, laboratory investigations, treatment, six-monthly deworming, anemia management, folic acid supplementation, family planning services, and behavioral change communication using different media. The existing healthcare workers provided services to the women until they became pregnant or until the end of the follow-up period (27 months). We monitored pregnancy outcomes, including abortion, stillbirth, and live birth; among live births, low birth weight, preterm birth, congenital physical anomaly, and neonatal death. Results: The study enrolled 7,875 women, and 3,601 had outcomes. The proportion of preterm births in the intervention and comparison block was 11.18 % and 14.99 %, respectively (p = 0.001), and the proportion of low-birth-weight babies was 9.23 % and 11.25 %, respectively (p = 0.01). The adjusted prevalence ratio showed that the risk of preterm births in the absence of intervention was 1.3 (CI: 1.1-1.6). Preterm birth was a mediator between preconception care and low birth weight. Conclusion: Reduction in proportion of low birth weight and preterm babies can be achieved through preconception care using minimal additional resources.

Prevalence of excess screen time among secondary school children in rural India.

Introduction: Screen time has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among children and teenagers. This has come at the expense of their healthy eating habits, physical activity and adequate amount of quality sleep. The excessive use of screen-device can lead to addiction which starts during adolescent years. Objectives: Primary Objective: to assess prevalence of excess screen time among secondary school children; Secondary Objective: to correlate Body Mass Index (BMI), sleep duration, duration of physical activity and food habits with screen time duration. Material and Methods: Study settings and design: cross-sectional study was conducted in secondary schools in the rural field practice area of a private medical college in Pune, India. The study included 184 school children from eighth to tenth standard. Data was collected using a self-administered, questionnaire. Results: Prevalence of excess screen time among secondary school children was 83.2%. Mobile phone was the most used device (98.9%). There was a significant association between excess screen time and inadequate sleep. Conclusions: The present study reports high prevalence of excess screen time in rural school going children in rural India. There is a need for strategies to combat this in school health programs on priority.

Perceptions of and challenges faced by primary healthcare workers about preconception services in rural India: A qualitative study using focus group discussion.

Background: Providing preconception care through healthcare workers at the primary health care level is a crucial intervention to reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes, consequently reducing neonatal mortality. Despite the availability of evidence, this window of opportunity remains unaddressed in many countries, including India. The public health care system is primarily accessed by rural and tribal Indian population. It is essential to know the frontline healthcare workers perception about preconception care. The study aimed to identify barriers and suggestions for framing appropriate strategies for implementing preconception care through primary health centers. Methods: The authors conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions (FGDs) with 45 healthcare workers in four FGDs (8-14 participants in each), in four blocks of Nashik district. The transcribed discussions were analyzed in MAXQDA software using the Socio-Ecological Model as an initial coding guide, including four levels of factors (individual, interpersonal, community, and institutional) that influenced an individual's behavior to use preconception care services. Results: Healthcare workers had some knowledge about preconception care, limited to adolescent health and family planning services. The interpersonal factors included heavy workload, stress, lack of support and co-operation, and paucity of appreciation, and motivation. The perceived community factors included poverty, migration, poor knowledge of preconception care, lack of felt need for preconception services, the influence of older women in the household decision, low male involvement, myths and misconceptions regarding preconception services. The identified institutional factors were lack of human resources, specialized services, logistics, and challenges in delivering adolescent health and family planning programs. Healthcare workers suggested the need for program-specific guidelines, training and capacity building of human resources, an un-interrupted supply of logistics, and a unique community awareness drive supporting preconception care services. Conclusion: Multi-level factors of the Socio-Ecological Model influencing the preconception care services should be considered for framing strategies in the implementation of comprehensive preconception care as a part of a continuum of care for life cycle phases of women.

Prevalence of preconception risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome among women from tribal and non-tribal blocks in Nashik district, India: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Although critical, the preconception phase in women's lives is comparatively ignored. The presence of some risk factors during this phase adversely affects the wellbeing of the woman and the pregnancy outcome. The study objectives were to measure the prevalence of various known risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome in the preconception period of women and their comparison between blocks. METHODS: This was a community-based cross-sectional study in two tribal and two non-tribal blocks each in Nasik district, Maharashtra, India. The study included married women desiring to conceive within 1 year. Trained Accredited Social Health Activists (field level health worker) collected information from women using a validated interview schedule through house-to-house visits and obtained women's anthropometric measurements in a standard manner. The study assessed the presence of 12 documented risk factors. RESULTS: The study enlisted 7875 women desiring pregnancy soon. The mean age of women was 23.19 (± 3.71) years, and 16% of them were adolescents. Women's illiteracy was higher in tribal areas than non-tribal (p < 0.001). About two-thirds of women have at least one risk factor, and 40.0% have a single risk factor. The most common risk factor observed was no formal education (44.35%). The prevalence of selected risk factors was significantly higher among women from tribal areas. The mean BMI of women was 19.73 (± 3.51), and a higher proportion (40.5%) of women from tribal areas had BMI < 18.5. Despite being of high parity status (≥ 4), about 7.7% of women from the tribal area and 3% from non-tribal desired pregnancy. Tobacco and alcohol consumption was higher among tribal women. The majority of women consumed meals with family members or husbands. Protein and calorie intake of about 1.4% of women was less than 50% of the recommended daily allowance; however, most of them perceived to have abundant food. CONCLUSIONS: Health risks, namely younger age, illiteracy, high parity, consumption of tobacco, low protein, and calorie intake, were quite prevalent, and the risks were significantly more among women from tribal areas. "Continuum of care" must comprise preconception care inclusive of Behavioral Change Communication, particularly for easily modifiable risk factors and specially for tribal women.

Women's health during the preconception phase although important, is an ignored period in her life cycle. Literature has shown that the presence of risk factors in women during the preconception phase is hazardous to the health of women and newborns. The present study is a cross-sectional study conducted in four blocks of Nasik district, Maharashtra, India, to measure risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome among women and its comparison between blocks.We included married women desiring conception within 1 year. Accredited Social Health Activists asked questions using a validated interview schedule and recorded women's anthropometric measures.Of the 7875 women, 16% were adolescents, and the mean age of women was 23.19 ± 3.71 years. About two-fifth of women had one risk factor, the commonest being no formal education. Overall mean BMI of women was 19.73 (± 3.51). The prevalence of risk factors was significantly higher among women from tribal areas. Despite having ≥ 4 parity a higher proportion of women from tribal areas desired to conceive. About 1.4% of women had protein and calorie intake below 50% recommended consumption.In conclusion, the prevalence of selected risk factors was significantly higher among tribal women. The study identifies the need for preconception care services.

Meager Perception of Preconception Care Among Women Desiring Pregnancy in Rural Areas: A Qualitative Study Using Focus Group Discussions.

Background: India has the second-highest number of under-five deaths in any country in the world. WHO and the Government of India recommended the rollout of preconception care (PCC) to reduce maternal and child mortality. However, very few countries, including India, have started a comprehensive package of PCC services. It implies that women, mainly from rural and tribal areas, are not aware of PCC. PCC has been rolled out through the government health system in two blocks of Nashik district in Maharashtra state, India, among all women who desire to be pregnant within 1 year. This project is the first of its kind in India. To assess basic perceptions, knowledge, and behavior of women on PCC before the implementation of the project, focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out. The authors think that the finding may help to develop strategies for behavioral change communication. Methods: From each of the four blocks, two villages having subcenter were selected for conducting FGD. A house-to-house survey was conducted by Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) to enlist women who desire a baby in 1 year and invite them to subcenter for FGDs, which were conducted in June 2018. Results: A total of 76 women having a mean age of 23.97 years participated in the FGDs. Most of them (46.05%) had completed 10 years of education. About 50% of pregnancies were planned. The decision about the timing of the first pregnancy is influenced by the mother-in-law. Women knew that they should not conceive before 20 years of age, and their suboptimal weight may have an adverse impact on the health of the newborn. There are many myths about food like "hot and cold foods" and "forbidden food" etc. Women had some knowledge about the adverse effects of tobacco and alcohol; very few consumed these. Most of them did not practice behaviors or accessed services related to PCC. Conclusions: Women neither have the knowledge nor adopt behaviors or accessed services related to PCC. Roll out of PCC among them may help in further reduction of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in India.

Association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and preceding risk factors: a cross-sectional study from Nashik District, India.

BACKGROUND: The preconception phase of women's life cycle is critical but comparatively ignored. The presence of health risks is judged as hazardous to the wellbeing of women and their offspring. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of various pregnancy outcomes and assess the association between certain risk factors and adverse outcomes. METHODS: As a part of a preconception care intervention project, a baseline survey was conducted in four blocks of Nashik District, India. In this population-based cross-sectional analytical study, we compared cases in the study group (randomly selected one tribal and one non-tribal block) with those of the control group (one tribal and one non-tribal block). A comparison was also made between the tribal and non-tribal blocks in each group. All women who had a pregnancy outcome in the preceding 12 months (01 April 2017 to 31 March 2018) were interviewed. Trained Accredited Social Health Activists conducted the survey under the direct supervision of Auxiliary Nurse Midwives and Medical Officers. Multivariate analysis was carried out to find the adjusted prevalence ratio of having a particular adverse outcome because of the prespecified potential risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 9307 women participated in the study. The prevalence of adverse pregnancy outcomes was as follows: abortion in 4.1%, stillbirth in 1.7%, preterm birth in 4.1%, low birth weight in 13.2%, and congenital physical defect in 2.8%. Prevalence of parental consanguinity, pre-existing maternal illness at conception, heavy work during the last six months of pregnancy, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, direct exposure to pesticides and domestic violence during pregnancy was 18.5, 2.2, 18.7, 5.6, 0.5, 2.3, and 0.8% respectively. Risk factors associated with abortion included pre-existing illness and heavy work in the last six months of the pregnancy. Consanguinity, tobacco consumption during pregnancy and pre-existing illness were identified as risk factors for stillbirth. Significant risk factors of low birth weight were heavy work in the last six months of pregnancy, pre-existing illness and residence in a tribal area. CONCLUSION: There is a need to emphasize on maternal behaviour, including tobacco consumption, and heavy work during pregnancy, as well as on parental consanguinity and pre-existing maternal illnesses, in order to achieve the best possible pregnancy outcomes.