ABSTRACT
The application of CLSI and EUCAST guidelines led to many discrepancies. Various doubts have already appeared in preliminary stages of microbiological diagnostics of Haemophilus spp. A total of 87 H. parainfluenzae isolates were obtained from throat or nasopharyngeal swabs from adults 18 to 70 years old, both healthy volunteers and patients with chronic diseases between 2013 to 2015 in eastern Poland. Haemophilus spp. were identified by colony morphology, Gram-staining, API NH and MALDI-TOF MS technique. Both susceptibility to various antimicrobials and phenotypes of Haemophilus spp. resistance to beta-lactams were determined. Statistically significant association between applied guidelines and drug resistance patterns were observed to as follows: ampicillin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, amoxicillin-clavulanate, azithromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance phenotypes according to CLSI vs. EUCAST were as follows: 3.4% vs. 8.0% for BLNAR and 6.9% vs. 19.5% for BLPACR isolates. In conclusion, this is the first study that reports comparative analysis of drug susceptibility interpretation using CLSI and EUCAST of haemophili rods from human respiratory microbiota in Poland. In case of susceptible, increased exposure (formerly intermediate) category of susceptibility within H. parainfluenzae isolates we have observed EUCAST as more restrictive than CLSI. Moreover, BLNAI and BLPAI phenotype isolates have been observed, as well as BLPBR using only CLSI or EUCAST guidelines, respectively.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Haemophilus parainfluenzae/genetics , Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy , Respiratory Mucosa/microbiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Chronic Disease/drug therapy , Chronic Disease/prevention & control , Female , Haemophilus parainfluenzae/drug effects , Haemophilus parainfluenzae/pathogenicity , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Macrolides/adverse effects , Macrolides/therapeutic use , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microbiota/genetics , Middle Aged , Opportunistic Infections/genetics , Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Opportunistic Infections/pathology , Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects , Respiratory Mucosa/pathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
(1) Background: Beta-lactams are the most frequently used antimicrobials, and are the first-line drugs in many infectious diseases, e.g., pneumonia, otitis media. Due to this fact, various bacteria have developed resistance to this group of drugs. (2) Methods: Eighty-seven Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolates were obtained from adults 18-70 years old in eastern Poland. The presence of 10 bla genes and 2 substitutions in ftsI reported as the most frequent in H. parainfluenzae were analyzed. (3) Results: Among 57 beta-lactam-resistant isolates, 63.2% encoded bla genes; blaTEM-1 predominated (54.4%), followed by blaOXA (19.3%), blaDHA (12.3%), blaSHV (10.5%), blaGES (7.0%), blaCMY (5.3%), blaVEB (1.8%) and blaROB-1 (1.8%). Lys-526 was the most common substitution in ftsI gene. The resistance genotypes were as follows: gBLNAS (17.5%), low-gBLNAR I (1.8%), low-gBLNAR II (1.8%), gBLNAR II (15.8%), gBLPAS (15.8%), gBLPAR (19.3%), gBLPBS I (8.8%) and gBLPBS II (1.8%); (4) Conclusions: This has been the first study to report on the high diversity of bla genes in H. parainfluenzae isolates in Poland. High sensitivity and specificity of benzylpenicillin test, as well as PCR of bla genes were shown, indicating that these methods may be useful as tools for the rapid screening of beta-lactamase prevalence and resistance to beta-lactams among H. parainfluenzae isolated from respiratory microbiota.
