Correction to "Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226.].

Stern-Volmer analysis of photocatalyst fluorescence quenching within hollow-core photonic crystal fibre microreactors.

We report the use of optofluidic hollow-core photonic crystal fibres as microreactors for Stern-Volmer (SV) luminescence quenching analysis of visible-light photocatalytic reactions. This technology enables measurements on nanolitre volumes and paves the way for automated SV analyses in continuous flow that minimise catalyst and reagent usage. The method is showcased using a recently developed photoredox-catalysed α-C-H alkylation reaction of unprotected primary alkylamines.

Is cell phone use associated with neck pain and disability in skills of daily activities in young adults? / Há relação entre uso do celular com dor cervical e incapacidade nas habilidades das atividades diárias em adultos jovens?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Some authors correlate incorrect head and neck postures during cell phone use with cervical pain. The objective, therefore, is to correlate the constant use of cell phones with discomfort in the cervical region and the repercussion on daily activities in college students. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out between July 2019 and March 2020 using the questionnaires "Smartphone Addiction Inventory Instrument", "Neck Disability Index" and "Young Spine Questionnaire", and also a questionnaire about demographic and socioeconomic data. The nutritional status of the participants was also evaluated and the degree of anteriorization of the head was measured in relation to the spinous process of the seventh cervical. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 18.47±0.65 years. There was a significant statistical association between Smartphone dependence and cervical pain, and adolescents with Smartphone use dependency had the highest percentages of doctor visits for cervical pain. There was no association between smartphone dependence and absence from school or not playing sports due to pain in the spine; nutritional status; the angle of the neck and the father or mother having pain in the spine. Students with smartphone use dependency had the highest percentages of mild to moderate disability in the skills of daily activities. CONCLUSION: Dependence on cell phone use, in this study, is related to cervical pain and disability in the skills of daily activities.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Alguns autores correlacionam com dor cervical posturas de cabeça e pescoço durante o uso do celular consideradas incorretas. Objetivou-se, portanto, verificar a associação do uso constante de celular com desconforto na região cervical e repercussão nas atividades diárias em estudantes universitários. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado entre julho de 2019 e março de 2020 através da aplicação dos questionários Smartphone Addiction Inventory Instrument, Neck Disability Index e Young Spine Questionnaire, além de um questionário contendo dados demográficos e socioeconômicos. Foi avaliado, ainda, o estado nutricional dos participantes e mensurado o grau de anteriorização da cabeça em relação ao processo espinhoso da sétima vértebra cervical. RESULTADOS: A média etária dos participantes foi 18,47±0,65 anos. Houve associação estatística significativa entre o uso de celular com dor cervical. Os adolescentes com tempo prolongado de uso do celular foram os que apresentaram maior frequência de consulta médica por dor na região cervical. Não houve associação entre uso de celular e ausência na escola ou não praticar esporte devido a dor na coluna, o estado nutricional, o ângulo do pescoço e o fato de pai ou mãe ter dor na coluna. Os adolescentes com dependência de celular foram os que tiveram maior frequência de incapacidade leve a moderada nas habilidades das atividades diárias. CONCLUSÃO: A dependência do celular apresentou, neste estudo, uma relação com dores na coluna cervical e incapacidade nas habilidades das atividades diárias.

Capping Strategies for Covalent Template-Directed Synthesis of Linear Oligomers Using CuAAC.

Covalent templating provides an attractive solution to the controlled synthesis of linear oligomers because a template oligomer can be used to define the precise length and sequence of the product. If the monomer units are attached to the template using kinetically inert covalent bonds it should be possible to operate at high dilution to favor intramolecular over intermolecular reaction. However, for oligomerization reactions using copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) this is not the case. The rate-limiting step is formation of an activated copper complex, so any alkyne that is activated by copper reacts rapidly with the nearest available azide. As a result, every time a chain end alkyne is activated, rapid intermolecular reaction takes place with a different oligomer leading to the formation of higher order products. It proved possible to block these intermolecular reactions by adding an excess of an azide capping agent that intercepts the chain end of the growing oligomer on the template. By adjusting the concentration of the capping agent to compete effectively with the unwanted intermolecular reactions without interfering with the desired intramolecular reactions, it was possible to obtain quantitative yields of copy strands from covalent template-directed oligomerization reactions. Remarkably, the capping agent could also be used to control the stereochemistry of the duplex formed in the templated oligomerization reaction to give exclusively the antiparallel product.

Sequence information transfer using covalent template-directed synthesis.

Template-directed synthesis is the biological method for the assembly of oligomers of defined sequence, providing the molecular basis for replication and the process of evolution. To apply analogous processes to synthetic oligomeric molecules, methods are required for the transfer of sequence information from a template to a daughter strand. We show that covalent template-directed synthesis is a promising approach for the molecular replication of sequence information in synthetic oligomers. Two monomer building blocks were synthesized: a phenol monomer and a benzoic acid monomer, each bearing an alkyne and an azide for oligomerization via copper catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. Stepwise synthesis was used to prepare oligomers, where information was encoded as the sequence of phenol (P) and benzoic acid (A) units. Ester base-pairing was used to attach monomers to a mixed sequence template, and CuAAC was used to zip up the backbone. Hydrolysis of the ester base-pairs gave back the starting template and the sequence complementary copy. When the AAP trimer was used as the template, the complementary sequence PPA was obtained as the major product, with a small amount of scrambling resulting in PAP as a side-product. This covalent base-pairing strategy represents a general approach that can be implemented in different formats for the replication of sequence information in synthetic oligomers.

Cap control: cyclic versus linear oligomerisation in covalent template-directed synthesis.

Covalent template-directed synthesis was used to oligomerise monomer building blocks in a controlled manner to give exclusively the linear trimer. Competing reaction pathways were blocked by addition of a large excess of a monomeric capping agent. At a concentration of 1 mM, the cap selectively prevented further reaction of the product chain ends to give polymeric and macrocyclic products, but did not interfere with the templating process.

Correction to: Chronic Granulomatous Disease in a Brazilian Patient Mimetizing Sarcoidosis.

The original version of abstract PO-162 "Chronic Granulomatous Disease in a Brazilian Patient Mimetizing Sarcoidosis" incorrectly listed the name of the second author as Micheli Barsioti. The correct spelling of the author's name is Michele Baziotti Man.

Prevalência de genuvalgo em escolas públicas do ensino fundamental na cidade de santos (sp), brasil / Prevalence of genu valgum in public elementary schools in the city of santos (sp), brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de genuvalgo e fatores associados em alunos do ensino fundamental. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2015, com 1.050 crianças e adolescentes matriculados no ensino fundamental de Santos. Foi avaliado o desalinhamento do joelho, medindo-se a distância intermaleolar, considerada se ≥≥8 cm ou <8 cm. O coeficiente Kappa de 0,94 foi obtido para aferir a confiabilidade dos exames entre os avaliadores. O estado nutricional foi verificado segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, 2006. Aplicou-se modelo de regressão logística para avaliar fatores associados à presença de genuvalgo. Resultados: Dos escolares analisados, 7,1% apresentaram genuvalgo. Aqueles com sobrepeso ou obesos apresentaram porcentagens maiores de genuvalgo. Em média, os estudantes com genuvalgo são mais velhos do que aqueles sem genuvalgo. Não foi verificada associação com o sexo. No modelo de regressão logística, apenas a avaliação nutricional permaneceu significantemente associada à presença de genuvalgo. A chance de sua ocorrência em escolares com sobrepeso e obesos é, respectivamente, 6,0 e 75,7 vezes maior que a chance de ocorrência em magros ou eutróficos. Conclusões: A prevalência de genuvalgo em crianças e adolescentes do ensino fundamental da rede municipal de Santos foi de 7,1%, sendo maior nos alunos com sobrepeso/obesos, não apresentando associação com o sexo ou a idade.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of genu valgum and associated factors in elementary school students. Methods: Cross-sectional study, carried out in 2015, with 1,050 children and adolescents enrolled in an elementary school in Santos, Southeast Brazil. Misalignment of the knee was assessed by intermalleolar distance, considering ≥8 cm or <8 cm. Inter-examiners reliability was measured by Kappa coefficient, resulting in 0.94. Nutritional status was evaluated according to the World Health Organization 2006 references. Logistic regression model was applied to analyze variables associated with genu valgum. Results: Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. The frequency was higher among overweight or obese schoolchildren. On average, students with genu valgum are older than those without it. There was no association with gender. Upon logistic regression model, only nutritional status was significantly associated with this condition. The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight and obese schoolchildren was, respectively, 6.0 and 75.7 times greater than among thin or eutrophic subjects. Conclusions: The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age.

PREVALENCE OF GENU VALGUM IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THE CITY OF SANTOS (SP), BRAZIL. / PREVALÊNCIA DE GENUVALGO EM ESCOLAS PÚBLICAS DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL NA CIDADE DE SANTOS (SP), BRASIL.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of genu valgum and associated factors in elementary school students. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, carried out in 2015, with 1,050 children and adolescents enrolled in an elementary school in Santos, Southeast Brazil. Misalignment of the knee was assessed by intermalleolar distance, considering ≥8 cm or <8 cm. Inter-examiners reliability was measured by Kappa coefficient, resulting in 0.94. Nutritional status was evaluated according to the World Health Organization 2006 references. Logistic regression model was applied to analyze variables associated with genu valgum. RESULTS: Among schoolchildren, 7.1% had genu valgum. The frequency was higher among overweight or obese schoolchildren. On average, students with genu valgum are older than those without it. There was no association with gender. Upon logistic regression model, only nutritional status was significantly associated with this condition. The chance of occurrence of valgus knee in overweight and obese schoolchildren was, respectively, 6.0 and 75.7 times greater than among thin or eutrophic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of genu valgum in elementary school children and adolescents was 7.1%, being higher among overweight/obese students and presenting no association with gender or age.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de genuvalgo e fatores associados em alunos do ensino fundamental. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2015, com 1.050 crianças e adolescentes matriculados no ensino fundamental de Santos. Foi avaliado o desalinhamento do joelho, medindo-se a distância intermaleolar, considerada se ≥≥8 cm ou <8 cm. O coeficiente Kappa de 0,94 foi obtido para aferir a confiabilidade dos exames entre os avaliadores. O estado nutricional foi verificado segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, 2006. Aplicou-se modelo de regressão logística para avaliar fatores associados à presença de genuvalgo. RESULTADOS: Dos escolares analisados, 7,1% apresentaram genuvalgo. Aqueles com sobrepeso ou obesos apresentaram porcentagens maiores de genuvalgo. Em média, os estudantes com genuvalgo são mais velhos do que aqueles sem genuvalgo. Não foi verificada associação com o sexo. No modelo de regressão logística, apenas a avaliação nutricional permaneceu significantemente associada à presença de genuvalgo. A chance de sua ocorrência em escolares com sobrepeso e obesos é, respectivamente, 6,0 e 75,7 vezes maior que a chance de ocorrência em magros ou eutróficos. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de genuvalgo em crianças e adolescentes do ensino fundamental da rede municipal de Santos foi de 7,1%, sendo maior nos alunos com sobrepeso/obesos, não apresentando associação com o sexo ou a idade.

PREVALENCE OF SCOLIOSIS IN PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. / PREVALÊNCIA DE ESCOLIOSE EM ESCOLARES DO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL PÚBLICO.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of scoliosis and the risk factors in elementary school students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 954 students in 2015. The instrument involved was a questionnaire on postural habits, socioeconomic conditions, and demographic factors. The anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, a visual inspection of the deformity of the vertebral column, the leveling of shoulders, and the Adam's test were obtained. The sample was calculated in the expected frequency of 12.3%, acceptable error rate of 2.0% and confidence level of 95.0%. To compare the proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied. The association between scoliosis and risk factors was evaluated by logistic regression, being significant p <0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of scoliosis was 24.3%, higher in obese patients and students who adopted a sitting position for a long period of time. Obese students showed a 1.8 times higher chance of testing positive Adam's Forward Bend Test when compared to normal-weight/lean and 2.1 times higher chance compared to overweight students. The sitting position for watching television increases the chance of testing positive Adam's test in 38.0%, when compared to the lying position. Obesity increases the risk of testing positive Adam's test in 74.0 and 98.0%, when compared, respectively, to the underweight/normal weight and overweight. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of scoliosis in students from public elementary schools in Santos. The most influential factors for this deviation of the spine were obesity and the position adopted by students to watch television.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de escoliose e os fatores de risco em alunos do ensino fundamental. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em 954 alunos em 2015. O instrumento envolvido foi um questionário sobre hábitos posturais, condições socioeconômicas e fatores demográficos. As medidas antropométricas, incluindo altura e peso, a inspeção visual da deformidade da coluna vertebral, o nivelamento dos ombros e o Teste de Adams foram obtidos. A amostra foi calculada na frequência esperada de 12,3%, erro aceitável de 2,0% e nível de confiança de 95,0%. Para comparar as proporções, o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foram aplicados. A associação entre escoliose e fatores de risco foi avaliada por regressão logística, sendo significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de escoliose foi de 24,3%, superior em obesos e estudantes que adotavam posição sentada durante um longo período de tempo. Estudantes obesos mostraram risco 1,8 vez superior no Teste de Adams positivo quando comparados aos eutróficos/magros e risco 2,1 vezes superior comparados aos alunos com sobrepeso. A posição sentada para assistir à televisão aumenta a chance de Teste de Adams positivo em 38,0% quando comparada à posição deitada. A obesidade aumenta o risco de Teste de Adams positivo em 74,0 e 98,0% quando comparada, respectivamente, à magreza/eutrofia e ao sobrepeso. CONCLUSÕES: Houve elevada prevalência de escoliose em estudantes de escolas públicas do ensino fundamental em Santos. Os fatores que mais influenciaram esse desvio de coluna foram a obesidade e a posição adotada pelos alunos para assistir à televisão.

Prevalência de escoliose em escolares do ensino fundamental público / Prevalence of scoliosis in public elementary school students

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de escoliose e os fatores de risco em alunos do ensino fundamental. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 954 alunos em 2015. O instrumento envolvido foi um questionário sobre hábitos posturais, condições socioeconômicas e fatores demográficos. As medidas antropométricas, incluindo altura e peso, a inspeção visual da deformidade da coluna vertebral, o nivelamento dos ombros e o Teste de Adams foram obtidos. A amostra foi calculada na frequência esperada de 12,3%, erro aceitável de 2,0% e nível de confiança de 95,0%. Para comparar as proporções, o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher foram aplicados. A associação entre escoliose e fatores de risco foi avaliada por regressão logística, sendo significante p<0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de escoliose foi de 24,3%, superior em obesos e estudantes que adotavam posição sentada durante um longo período de tempo. Estudantes obesos mostraram risco 1,8 vez superior no Teste de Adams positivo quando comparados aos eutróficos/magros e risco 2,1 vezes superior comparados aos alunos com sobrepeso. A posição sentada para assistir à televisão aumenta a chance de Teste de Adams positivo em 38,0% quando comparada à posição deitada. A obesidade aumenta o risco de Teste de Adams positivo em 74,0 e 98,0% quando comparada, respectivamente, à magreza/eutrofia e ao sobrepeso. Conclusões: Houve elevada prevalência de escoliose em estudantes de escolas públicas do ensino fundamental em Santos. Os fatores que mais influenciaram esse desvio de coluna foram a obesidade e a posição adotada pelos alunos para assistir à televisão.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of scoliosis and the risk factors in elementary school students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 954 students in 2015. The instrument involved was a questionnaire on postural habits, socioeconomic conditions, and demographic factors. The anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, a visual inspection of the deformity of the vertebral column, the leveling of shoulders, and the Adam's test were obtained. The sample was calculated in the expected frequency of 12.3%, acceptable error rate of 2.0% and confidence level of 95.0%. To compare the proportions, the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied. The association between scoliosis and risk factors was evaluated by logistic regression, being significant p <0.05. Results: The prevalence of scoliosis was 24.3%, higher in obese patients and students who adopted a sitting position for a long period of time. Obese students showed a 1.8 times higher chance of testing positive Adam's Forward Bend Test when compared to normal-weight/lean and 2.1 times higher chance compared to overweight students. The sitting position for watching television increases the chance of testing positive Adam's test in 38.0%, when compared to the lying position. Obesity increases the risk of testing positive Adam's test in 74.0 and 98.0%, when compared, respectively, to the underweight/normal weight and overweight. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of scoliosis in students from public elementary schools in Santos. The most influential factors for this deviation of the spine were obesity and the position adopted by students to watch television.

Controlled membrane translocation provides a mechanism for signal transduction and amplification.

Transmission and amplification of chemical signals across lipid bilayer membranes is of profound significance in many biological processes, from the development of multicellular organisms to information processing in the nervous system. In biology, membrane-spanning proteins are responsible for the transmission of chemical signals across membranes, and signal transduction is often associated with an amplified signalling cascade. The ability to reproduce such processes in artificial systems has potential applications in sensing, controlled drug delivery and communication between compartments in tissue-like constructs of synthetic vesicles. Here we describe a mechanism for transmitting a chemical signal across a membrane based on the controlled translocation of a synthetic molecular transducer from one side of a lipid bilayer membrane to the other. The controlled molecular motion has been coupled to the activation of a catalyst on the inside of a vesicle, which leads to a signal-amplification process analogous to the biological counterpart.

Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor signalling regulates hepatitis C virus replication.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem with an estimated 170 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals at risk of progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autotaxin (ATX, gene name: ENPP2) is a phospholipase with diverse roles in the physiological and pathological processes including inflammation and oncogenesis. Clinical studies have reported increased ATX expression in chronic hepatitis C, however, the pathways regulating ATX and its role in the viral life cycle are not well understood. METHODS: In vitro hepatocyte and ex vivo liver culture systems along with chimeric humanized liver mice and HCC tissue enabled us to assess the interplay between ATX and the HCV life cycle. RESULTS: HCV infection increased hepatocellular ATX RNA and protein expression. HCV infection stabilizes hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and we investigated a role for these transcription factors to regulate ATX. In vitro studies show that low oxygen increases hepatocellular ATX expression and transcriptome analysis showed a positive correlation between ATX mRNA levels and hypoxia gene score in HCC tumour tissue associated with HCV and other aetiologies. Importantly, inhibiting ATX-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling reduced HCV replication, demonstrating a positive role for this phospholipase in the viral life cycle. LPA activates phosphoinositide-3-kinase that stabilizes HIF-1α and inhibiting the HIF signalling pathway abrogates the pro-viral activity of LPA. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support a model where HCV infection increases ATX expression which supports viral replication and HCC progression. LAY SUMMARY: Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem with infected individuals at risk of developing liver disease that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Autotaxin generates the biologically active lipid lysophosphatidic acid that has been reported to play a tumorigenic role in a wide number of cancers. In this study we show that hepatitis C virus infection increases autotaxin expression via hypoxia inducible transcription factor and provides an environment in the liver that promotes fibrosis and liver injury. Importantly, we show a new role for lysophosphatidic acid in positively regulating hepatitis C virus replication.

Applications of dynamic combinatorial chemistry for the determination of effective molarity.

A new strategy for determining thermodynamic effective molarities (EM) for macrocylisation reactions using dynamic combinatorial chemistry under dilute conditions is presented. At low concentrations, below the critical value, Dynamic Libraries (DLs) of bifunctional building blocks contain only cyclic species, so it is not possible to quantify the equilibria between linear and cyclic species. However, addition of a monofunctional chain stopper can be used to promote the formation of linear oligomers allowing measurement of EM for all cyclic species present in the DL. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated for DLs generated from mixtures of 1,3-diimine calix[4]arenes, linear diaminoalkanes and monoaminoalkanes. For macrocycles deriving from one bifunctional calixarene and one diamine, there is an alternating pattern of EM values with the number of methylene units in the diamine: odd numbers give significantly higher EMs than even numbers. For odd numbers of methylene units, the alkyl chain can adopt an extended all anti conformation, whereas for even numbers of methylene units, gauche conformations are required for cyclisation, and the associated strain reduces EM. The value of EM for the five-carbon linker indicates that this macrocycle is a strainless ring.

Mechanisms of imine exchange reactions in organic solvents.

The state of the art in the mechanisms operating in imine chemistry in organic solvents is critically discussed in the present review. In particular, the reaction pathways involved in imine formation, transimination and imine metathesis in organic media are taken into account, with the aim of organizing the poor, and sometimes scattered, information available in the literature. It is shown that 4-membered cyclic transition states, either polar or apolar, can be considered a leitmotif for the chemistry of imines in organic solvents. However, it is pointed out that further investigations will be necessary to reach an adequate degree of knowledge of the mechanisms involved in such important reversible processes.

Epidemiological, serological and molecular aspects of hepatitis B and C in children and teenagers of municipal daycare facilities schools and schools in the city of Santos.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of the serological markers anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs of hepatitis B and anti-HCV of hepatitis C among children and teenagers enrolled at daycare facilities, kindergartens and municipal elementary education network in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from June 28 to December 14, 2007, in which 4,680 finger-prick blood samples were collected from children and teenagers. A survey questionnaire was applied to their family members. The sample was dimensioned using the software Epi Info version 6 with expected frequency of 1%, acceptable error of 0.5% and confidence interval of 95%. The serological tests were performed using the ELISA technique. The molecular analysis was performed using the technique of polymerase chain reaction in House. RESULTS: Age of the studied population ranged from 7 months to 18 years and 1 month. The general prevalence of anti-HBc reagent was 0.1%, HBsAg was 0.02% and anti-HCV was 0.02%. CONCLUSIONS: In children, the general prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis B and C in the city of Santos was low when compared with literature data.

Epidemiological, serological and molecular aspects of hepatitis B and C in children and teenagers of municipal daycare facilities schools and schools in the city of Santos / Aspectos epidemiológicos, sorológicos e moleculares das hepatites B e C em crianças e adolescentes de creches e escolas municipais na cidade de Santos

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of the serological markers anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs of hepatitis B and anti-HCV of hepatitis C among children and teenagers enrolled at daycare facilities, kindergartens and municipal elementary education network in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from June 28 to December 14, 2007, in which 4,680 finger-prick blood samples were collected from children and teenagers. A survey questionnaire was applied to their family members. The sample was dimensioned using the software Epi Info version 6 with expected frequency of 1%, acceptable error of 0.5% and confidence interval of 95%. The serological tests were performed using the ELISA technique. The molecular analysis was performed using the technique of polymerase chain reaction in House. Results: Age of the studied population ranged from 7 months to 18 years and 1 month. The general prevalence of anti-HBc reagent was 0.1%, HBsAg was 0.02% and anti-HCV was 0.02%. Conclusions: In children, the general prevalence of serological markers for hepatitis B and C in the city of Santos was low when compared with literature data. .

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de marcadores sorológicos anti-HBc, AgHBs e anti-HBs da hepatites B e anti-HCV da hepatite C em crianças e adolescentes matriculados em creches e escolas de ensino infantil e fundamental da rede municipal na cidade de Santos, São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado no período de 28 de junho a 14 de dezembro de 2007, no qual foram coletadas 4.680 amostras de sangue colhidas através de punção capilar. Foi aplicado um questionário nos familiares das crianças e adolescentes. Para o cálculo da amostra, foi utilizado o programa Epi Info versão 6 com frequência esperada de 1%, erro aceitável de 0,5% e nível de confiança de 95%. Os exames sorológicos foram realizados utilizando a técnica de ELISA. O estudo molecular foi realizado pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase in House. Resultados: A idade da população estudada variou de 7 meses a 18 anos e 1 mês. A prevalência geral do anti-HBc reagente foi de 0,1%, do AgHBs foi de 0,02% e do anti-HCV foi de 0,02%. Conclusão: A prevalência geral em crianças dos marcadores sorológicos para hepatites B e C na cidade de Santos foi baixa, quando comparada com os dados de literatura. .

Effective catalysis of imine metathesis by means of fast transiminations between aromatic-aromatic or aromatic-aliphatic amines.

This paper reports on a quantitative investigation of rates of amine-imine exchange reactions of primary amines with their benzylidene derivatives in organic solvents at room temperature. Exchange reactions involving aromatic-aromatic or aromatic-aliphatic amines were in all cases fast enough to allow their use in the effective catalysis of imine metathesis in the absence of acid and metal catalysis. Transiminations based on exchange between aromatic and aliphatic amines were retarded both by electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents in the para-position of the benzylidene moiety. This result was interpreted as arising from a change in the rate-determining step of the two-step transimination reaction.

One-shot preparation of an inherently chiral trifunctional calix[4]arene from an easily available cone-triformylcalix[4]arene.

Via selective 1,3-distal intramolecular Cannizzaro disproportionation of an easily available cone-triformylcalix[4]arene, an inherently chiral trifunctional cone-calix[4]arene derivative has been prepared. The presence of three different functional groups (-CH2OH, -CHO and -COOH) at the upper rim of the calixarene scaffold makes this compound a versatile intermediate for the development of multifunctional devices. Interesting chiral discrimination of serine derivatives has been observed, presumably thanks to a multipoint-interaction involving the reversible imine bond formation and the hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl group of the amino acid side-chain with the upper rim functional groups. Consistently, chiral discrimination was not observed with alanine and valine derivatives, lacking hydrogen bonding groups on the side-chain.