ABSTRACT
SMC1A encodes one of the proteins of the cohesin complex. SMC1A variants are known to cause a phenotype resembling Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Exome sequencing has allowed recognizing SMC1A variants in individuals with encephalopathy with epilepsy who do not resemble CdLS. We performed an international, interdisciplinary study on 51 individuals with SMC1A variants for physical and behavioral characteristics, and compare results to those in 67 individuals with NIPBL variants. For the Netherlands all known individuals with SMC1A variants were studied, both with and without CdLS phenotype. Individuals with SMC1A variants can resemble CdLS, but manifestations are less marked compared to individuals with NIPBL variants: growth is less disturbed, facial signs are less marked (except for periocular signs and thin upper vermillion), there are no major limb anomalies, and they have a higher level of cognitive and adaptive functioning. Self-injurious behavior is more frequent and more severe in the NIPBL group. In the Dutch group 5 of 13 individuals (all females) had a phenotype that shows a remarkable resemblance to Rett syndrome: epileptic encephalopathy, severe or profound intellectual disability, stereotypic movements, and (in some) regression. Their missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations are evenly spread over the gene. We conclude that SMC1A variants can result in a phenotype resembling CdLS and a phenotype resembling Rett syndrome. Resemblances between the SMC1A group and the NIPBL group suggest that a disturbed cohesin function contributes to the phenotype, but differences between these groups may also be explained by other underlying mechanisms such as moonlighting of the cohesin genes.
Subject(s)
Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics , De Lange Syndrome/genetics , Proteins/genetics , Rett Syndrome/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , De Lange Syndrome/diagnosis , De Lange Syndrome/physiopathology , Exome/genetics , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Netherlands/epidemiology , Rett Syndrome/diagnosis , Rett Syndrome/physiopathology , Spasms, Infantile/diagnosis , Spasms, Infantile/genetics , Spasms, Infantile/physiopathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene. CAIS patients are individuals with a 46, XY karyotype. The phenotype consists in female external genitalia, short vagina, absent mullerian structures, and abdominal, inguinal or intralabial testes. Our aim is to describe a group of CAIS patients in our centre and identify the difficulties in the diagnosis. The amount of patients with inguinal hernia in childhood was remarkable (83%). Interestingly, the diagnosis was suspected later when patients presented primary amenorrhea. CAIS must be suspected every time a female child shows inguinal hernia. Early diagnosis is very important for a correct genetic counseling.
Subject(s)
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
El síndrome de insensibilidad completa a los andrógenos (SICA)es una enfermedad genética producida por mutaciones en elreceptor de andrógenos en individuos con cariotipo masculino(46, XY). Fenotípicamente, estos pacientes tienen genitalesexternos femeninos no ambiguos, bolsa vaginal ciega, estructurasmullerianas ausentes o vestigiales y testículos localizadosen labios, canal inguinal o abdomen. El objetivo de este trabajofue caracterizar a las pacientes con SICA en nuestro centro eidentificar las dificultades diagnósticas de este cuadro. Laproporción de pacientes con antecedente de hernia inguinal enla infancia (83 por ciento) fue significativa. A pesar de esto, la sospechadiagnóstica surgió más tarde, cuando las pacientes se presentaroncon amenorrea primaria. El diagnóstico podría sospecharseprecozmente ya que la hernia inguinal es poco frecuenteen niñas. El diagnóstico precoz es importante para el correctoy oportuno asesoramiento genético.(AU)
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene. CAIS patients are individuals with a 46, XY karyotype. The phenotype consists in female external genitalia, short vagina, absent mullerian structures, and abdominal, inguinal or intralabial testes. Our aim is to describe a group of CAIS patients in our centre and identify the difficulties in the diagnosis. The amount of patients with inguinal hernia in childhood was remarkable (83%). Interestingly, the diagnosis was suspected later when patients presented primary amenorrhea. CAIS must be suspected every time a female child shows inguinal hernia. Early diagnosis is very important for a correct genetic counseling.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome/diagnosis , Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome/genetics , Hernia, Inguinal , Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY , Early Diagnosis , Clinical Diagnosis , Cytogenetic AnalysisABSTRACT
El síndrome de insensibilidad completa a los andrógenos (SICA)es una enfermedad genética producida por mutaciones en elreceptor de andrógenos en individuos con cariotipo masculino(46, XY). Fenotípicamente, estos pacientes tienen genitalesexternos femeninos no ambiguos, bolsa vaginal ciega, estructurasmullerianas ausentes o vestigiales y testículos localizadosen labios, canal inguinal o abdomen. El objetivo de este trabajofue caracterizar a las pacientes con SICA en nuestro centro eidentificar las dificultades diagnósticas de este cuadro. Laproporción de pacientes con antecedente de hernia inguinal enla infancia (83 por ciento) fue significativa. A pesar de esto, la sospechadiagnóstica surgió más tarde, cuando las pacientes se presentaroncon amenorrea primaria. El diagnóstico podría sospecharseprecozmente ya que la hernia inguinal es poco frecuenteen niñas. El diagnóstico precoz es importante para el correctoy oportuno asesoramiento genético.
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene. CAIS patients are individuals with a 46, XY karyotype. The phenotype consists in female external genitalia, short vagina, absent mullerian structures, and abdominal, inguinal or intralabial testes. Our aim is to describe a group of CAIS patients in our centre and identify the difficulties in the diagnosis. The amount of patients with inguinal hernia in childhood was remarkable (83%). Interestingly, the diagnosis was suspected later when patients presented primary amenorrhea. CAIS must be suspected every time a female child shows inguinal hernia. Early diagnosis is very important for a correct genetic counseling.
