Impact of COVID-19 on emergency service usage in Turkey: interrupted time series analysis.

The aim of this study is to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which constitutes an extraordinary situation, on the habits of emergency health service use. The data of the study consist of emergency service applications of a public hospital in Turkey between the years 2018-2021. The number of applications to the emergency service was examined periodically. The interrupted time series analysis method was used to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on emergency service admissions. When the main findings are analyzed in quarterly periods (3 months = 1 quarter); there has been a sharp decrease in emergency service applications since March 2019, when the first case was seen in Turkey. When an evaluation is made between consecutive quarters, it is seen that there are fluctuations up to 80% in the number of applications. When the statistical analysis findings are examined; while the effect of COVID-19 on the number of applications was found to be significant for the first four periods, it was found to be insignificant for the following periods. With the conducted study, it was revealed that COVID-19 has a significant impact on the use of emergency health services. Although there was a statistically significant decrease in the number of applications, especially in the months following the first case, there was an increase in the number of applications over time. Considering the necessity of using emergency health services when necessary, it can be thought that some of the decrease in the number of applications during the COVID-19 period will be related to the use of unnecessary emergency health services.

The relationship between health expenditure indicators and economic growth in OECD countries: A Driscoll-Kraay approach.

Introduction: The main purpose of the study is to examine the relationship between health expenditure indicators and economic growth in OECD countries. Methods: In this context, health expenditures and economic indicators data of 21 OECD countries were analyzed by the Driscoll-Kraay standard error approach within the scope of panel data analysis. While Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and income per capita were used as dependent variables, the amount of out-of-pocket health spending, per capita health expenditure, the amount of public health expenditure, the ratio of drug expenditures to gross domestic product, the share of current health expenditures in GDP were used as independent variables. Results: According to the results, in the model (Model 1) where real GDP level was used as the dependent variable, all health expenditure indicators were positively related to the economic growth. When the estimation results of Model 1 are examined, it is predicted that there will be an increase of 0.09% in GDP in case of a 1% increase in the share allocated to health services from GDP. In case of a 1% increase in the amount of out-of-pocket spending on healthcare, it is foreseen that there may be an increase of 0.04% in the real GDP. In the model (Model 2) where the per capita income variable is the dependent variable, it is seen that the increase in out- of-pocket health spending has a decreasing effect on the per capita income level, while the increase in public expenditures has an increasing effect on the per capita income level. From the findings of Model 2, it was found that if a 1% increase in the share of current health expenditures in GDP, there may be an increase of 0.06% in the amount of per capita income. Discussion: Concludingly, it is possible to say that that public resources allocated to health services play an important role in the economic growth.

The Relationship Between Authentic Leadership, Performance and Intention to Quit the Job of Nurses.

This study examines the relationships between of nurses' perception of their authentic leadership, intention to quit, and employee performance. The implementation part of the study was conducted with nurses working in a public hospital in the city of Yozgat, Turkey. The data were collected in December 2017 from 189 participants. The results of the analyses showed that relationships between authentic leadership dimensions and intention to quit were not significant. While the all dimensions of authentic leadership explained 6.8% of the variance for the employee performance; explained 3.7% of the variance for the intention to quit. According to these results, improving authentic leadership perception of nurses will improve nurse performance.