ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Horseshoe kidney (HSK) is the most common kidney malformation. This review analyses the literature surrounding the etiology, morphology and clinical anatomy of these kidney fusion anomalies. A systematic literature search was carried out using the Science Direct and Scopus applications. HSK is characterized by three anatomic abnormalities: ectopia, malrotation and vascular changes. The study put emphasis especially on blood supply and upper urinary tract changes in HSK's patients. Arterial blood supply was analysed not only basing on Graves pattern, but also a new model of supply created on horseshoe kidneys computed tomography was taken into account. In addition, study presents clinical aspects of especially significant pathology of HSK, like hydronephrosis, stones and urinary tract infection. This study focuses also on congenital anomalies associated with horseshoe kidney.
RESUMEN: El riñón en herradura (RH) es la malformación renal más común reportada en la literatura. Esta revisión analiza la literatura que rodea la etiología, morfología y anatomía clínica de esta anomalía de fusión renal. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura utilizando las aplicaciones Science Direct y Scopus. El riñón en herradura se caracteriza por tres anomalías anatómicas: ectopía, malrotación y cambios vasculares. El estudio puso énfasis especialmente en el suministro de sangre y los cambios del tracto urinario superior en los pacientes con RH. El suministro de sangre arterial se analizó no solo basándose en el patrón de Graves, sino que también se tuvo en cuenta un nuevo modelo de suministro creado en los riñones en herradura. Además, el estudio presenta aspectos clínicos de patología especialmente significativa de RH, como hidronefrosis, cálculos e infección del tracto urinario. Este estudio se centró también en las anomalías congénitas asociadas con el riñón en herradura.
Subject(s)
Humans , Fused Kidney , Kidney/abnormalities , Kidney/blood supplyABSTRACT
Aim: Comparative permeability analysis of the 3 following Latanoprost formulations intended for ophthalmic use: Xaloptic (Polpharma S.A.), Xalatan (Pfizer Europe MA EEIG) and Monoprost (Thea Pharma S.A.) across human corneal epithelium (HCE-T culture model) in vitro. Material and methods: Permeability analysis was performed under conditions suitable for latanoprost API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). Statistical analysis of permeability and drug quantity after passing across a cellular membrane was performed using ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple comparison test (GraphPad Prism 6.00 for Windows, GraphPad Software, La Jolla California, USA Results: The following differences in permeability were noted between the analyzed drugs: The permeability rates for Xaloptic and Xalatan were 5.49 ± 1.64 x 10-6 cm/s and 4.66 ± 1.13 x 10-6 cm/s, respectively. Xaloptic showed the highest permeability through human corneal epithelium (23.70 ± 1.71 x 10-6 cm/s) and the highest conversion rate (28.13 ± 5.85%). As compared to Xaloptic, Xalatan slight, yet statistically significant differences with the permeability rate of 21.21 ± 1.29 x 10-6 cm/s and a conversion rate of 18.41 ± 2.96%). Monoprost demonstrated the lowest permeability (0.39 ± 0.07 x 10-6 cm/s) and the lowest conversion rate (0.34 ± 0.16%). Conclusion: The differences in permeability and bioavailability between the 3 ophthalmic latanoprost formulations are attributable to the differences in their composition. They are also related to the content of preservative in each preparation.
Subject(s)
Epithelial Cells/drug effects , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/adverse effects , Prostaglandins F, Synthetic/pharmacokinetics , Cell Line , Humans , Latanoprost , Permeability , Preservatives, Pharmaceutical/chemistryABSTRACT
In the time from September 2003 to March 2004 feacal samples of 147 wild boars from north-west Poland were examined. The prevalence and intensity of the Coccidia and gastro-intestinal nematodes infection were determined by means of Willis-Schlaaf. The species were determined basing on morphology of oocysts (shape, colour, form index, presence or absence of micropyle and its cap, presence or absence of residual, polar and Stied bodies) and time of sporulation. Sporulation was performed in wet chamber at 24-26 degrees C in a 2.5% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (Pellerdy, 1974). Oocysts from the genus Eimeria were found in 58.5% wild boars. Four coccidia species occurred in wild boars (E. deblecki, E. suis, E. perminuta, E. scabra). Gastro-intestinal nematodes were found in 83.67%. The following nematode species were found: Oesophagostomum dentatum, Metastrongylus sp., Trichuris suis and Ascaris suum.
Subject(s)
Coccidiosis/veterinary , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Nematode Infections/veterinary , Sus scrofa/parasitology , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Coccidiosis/diagnosis , Coccidiosis/epidemiology , Eimeria/isolation & purification , Feces/parasitology , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Nematoda/isolation & purification , Nematode Infections/diagnosis , Nematode Infections/epidemiology , Parasite Egg Count , Poland , Prevalence , Swine Diseases/diagnosisABSTRACT
One of the most dangerous parasites, not only for carnivores but also for human being is Toxocara canis. It is presented very commonly all over the world, so spread its into the humans organisms, especially childrens is very easy. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Toxocara canis in dogs and red foxes in area of north-west Poland. The dog coproscopy was provided according to Willis-Schlaff method. Post mortem examination of red foxes was conducted according to Eckert and Amman (1990), Eckert et al. (1991) and Ewald (1993). In examined area dogs were infected with Toxocara canis from 2.67 to 55% (Table 1). The highest prevalence was observed in Gorzów Wielkopolski in its neighborhood (villages) and in urban places. The lowest extensity (2.67%) was determined in urban area of Slupsk city. In examined forest regions the prevalence of Toxocara canis in red foxes was 43% (Table 2). To sum up, north-west Poland is a region where Toxocara canis is common, both in domesticated and wild environment. There should be provided regular monitoring of this zoonozis as well as pharmacological treatment of dogs.
