Facteurs associés à l'hospitalisation prolongée et à la mortalité au niveau du service de néphrologie de l'hôpital Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar / Factors associated with prolonged hospitalization and mortality in the nephrology department of the Aristide Le Dantec hospital in Dakar

Introduction : L'hospitalisation en néphrologie n'avait pas fait l'objet de plusieurs études au Sénégal et les données sont limitées. Notre travail avait pour but de déterminer les facteurs associés à l'hospitalisation prolongée et à la mortalité en néphrologie. Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude observationnelle prospective de 5 mois incluant tous les patients hospitalisés dans le service durant au moins 24H. La durée d'hospitalisation (la période allant du jour d'admission dans la chambre d'hospitalisation au jour de sortie du patient) était dite prolongée si > 12 jours. Résultats : Quatre-vingt-dix-neuf patients ont été analysés durant cette période avec une durée moyenne en hospitalisation de 11,14 ± 9,89 jours. L'âge moyen était de 45,22 ± 18,03 ans avec un sex-ratio (H/F) de 0,62. Les anomalies biologiques étaient : l'hyponatrémie (62,36%), l'hypokaliémie (23,91%), l'hypocalcémie (25%), l'hyperphosphatémie (51,21%), l'anémie (92,30%), la CRP élevée (90,90%) et l'hypoalbuminémie (80,76%). La protéinurie moyenne était de 3,38 ± 3,35 g/24h avec 34,61% de protéinurie néphrotique. La mortalité hospitalière était de 25,25%. En analyse univariée, l'hospitalisation prolongée était associée à l'âge ≤ 45 ans (p = 0,018), aux patients non dialysés chroniques (p=0,034), à la transfusion sanguine (p=0,008) tandis que la mortalité était liée à l'âge de plus de 45 ans (p=0,032), le diabète (p=0,014), l'hypokaliémie (p=0,045) et l'hospitalisation prolongé (p=0,007). En analyse multivariée, les patients présentant des œdèmes et ceux ayant été transfusés avaient respectivement 2,89 et 3,9 fois plus de risque d'avoir une hospitalisation prolongée. Les patients diabétiques avaient 4,63 fois plus de risque de décès et ceux ayant été hospitalisés de plus de 12 jours avaient 0,14 fois de risque de décès. Conclusion : La durée d'hospitalisation était relativement prolongée avec une mortalité élevée. Cependant l'impact de certains facteurs a été démontré permettant ainsi de réduire la durée d'hospitalisation et le nombre de décès.

Introduction: Hospitalization in nephrology had not been the subject of several studies in Senegal and the data are limited. Our work aimed to determine the factors associated with prolonged hospitalization and mortality in nephrology. Patients and methods: This was a 5-month prospective observational study including all patients hospitalized in the department for at least 24 hours. The duration of hospitalization (the period from the day of admission to the hospital room to the day of the patient's discharge) was said to be prolonged if > 12 days. Results: Ninety-nine patients were analyzed during this period with an average hospital stay of 11.14 ± 9.89 days. The mean age was 45.22 ± 18.03 years with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.62. The biological abnormalities were: hyponatremia (62.36%), hypokalemia (23.91%), hypocalcemia (25%), hyperphosphatemia (51.21%), anemia (92.30 %), elevated CRP (90.90%) and hypoalbuminemia (80.76%). The mean proteinuria was 3.38 ± 3.35 g/24h with 34.61% nephrotic proteinuria. Hospital mortality was 25.25%. In univariate analysis, prolonged hospitalization was associated with age ≤ 45 years (p = 0.018), chronic non-dialysis patients (p = 0.034), blood transfusion (p = 0.008) while mortality was related to age over 45 (p=0.032), diabetes (p=0.014), hypokalaemia (p=0.045) and prolonged hospitalization (p=0.007). In multivariate analysis, patients with edema and those who had been transfused were respectively 2.89 and 3.9 times more likely to have prolonged hospitalization. Diabetic patients had a 4.63 times greater risk of death and those who had been hospitalized for more than 12 days had a 0.14 times greater risk of death. Conclusion: The duration of hospitalization was relatively prolonged with high mortality. However, the impact of certain factors has been demonstrated, thus making it possible to reduce the duration of hospitalization and the number of deaths

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.

Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is a rare but potentially lethal complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Peritoneal tuberculosis is considered an etiologic factor. We report a case of EPS in a 40-year-old man who was switched to hemodialysis because of peritoneal tuberculosis after 2 years of PD. Because of the persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms and cachexia, laparoscopic exploration was performed, which revealed an important thickening of the peritoneal membrane sheathing the intestinal loops. Accordingly, a diagnosis of EPS was made. Anti-tuberculosis treatment associated with a low dose of corticosteroids stabilized the disease.

[Lupus nephropathy in black patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Senegal: 43 cases]. / Néphropathie lupique chez les sujets génétiquement pigmentés vivant au Sénégal : à propos de quarante-trois cas.

UNLABELLED: This study sought to assess the prevalence of lupus nephropathy and to determine its clinical, histological, therapeutic and outcome profiles. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study examined records covering a 10-year period from 1999 to 2009 at the nephrology department of the Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital Center. RESULTS: The records showed 43 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 72% had lupus nephritis. The patients' mean age was 32.9 years; 40 were women and 3 men, for a sex ratio of 0.075. The lupus nephritis led to discovery of SLE in 27.9%. The mean proteinuria concentration was 2.01 g/dL. Seventeen patients had impaired renal function, and 26 had renal biopsies. It found class II nephritis in 2 patients, class IV in 10, and class V in 12. In addition, fifteen patients received combined corticosteroid + immunosuppressant treatment. Four patients died during the study period, one from SLE activity, two from complications of renal failure, and the fourth from sepsis. CONCLUSION: A larger study would be useful to assess more acurately the prevalence of various classes and severity of lupus nephropathy among blacks living in sub-Saharan Africa.

[Esophageal variceal band ligation in Dakar, Senegal]. / La ligature élastique des varices œsophagiennes à Dakar (Sénégal).

After a preliminary study in the gastrointestinal endoscopy center of the Aristide-Le-Dantec Teaching Hospital in Dakar, Senegal, demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices, this procedure entered regular use for management of patients admitted for upper digestive tract bleeding due to these varices. This study sought to assess its effectiveness. Patients and method. This study, conducted from July 2005 through January 2010, included all patients with upper digestive tract bleeding due to rupture of esophageal varices. Results. In all, 140 patients with a mean age of 36 years [range: 16-75] were admitted for this diagnosis and included in the study: 93 men and 47 women (sex-ratio = 1.98). The presence of at least one clinical sign of portal hypertension was noted in 72% of cases. Esophageal varices were graded as stage III in 75.7% of cases. The underlying cause of portal hypertension was cirrhosis in 94.3%, presumptively due to hepatitis B virus among 37.1%. The varices were successfully eradicated in 64 patients (45.7%). The mean number of sessions required was 2 [range: 2-4] in patients with stage II and 3.4 [range, 3-8] in patients with stage III varices, and the mean number of bands applied per session was 5.1 [range: 2-6] and 5.6 [range: 2-10], respectively. The interval between sessions was 4 weeks [range: 3 -12]. Bleeding recurred in 8 patients (5.7%) before eradication was achieved; 4 (2.8%) of them died. Conclusion. Esophageal variceal ligation is an effective therapeutic and prophylactic procedure for management of esophageal varices in Senegal.

[Quality of life in hemodialysis patients in Dakar: differences for the tropics?]. / Qualité de vie des patients en hémodialyse à Dakar (Sénégal): quelles particularités pour les personnes vivant en milieu tropical ?

UNLABELLED: In recent years, measuring quality of life (QoL) to quantify the impact of disease on patients' lives has become widespread. We conducted a study to evaluate the QoL of hemodialysis patients in Dakar and to identify factors that influence it. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study took place from May through July 2008 in two hemodialysis centers in the city of Dakar. It included all patients who had been undergoing dialysis for more than 3 months, were in stable clinical condition with no hospitalization in the previous month and consented to participate. QoL was assessed with the Kidney Disease Quality Of Life Short-Form version 1.2 (KDQoL-SF), which comprises 43 items specific to kidney disease as well as the 36 items of the SF-36. RESULTS: Our study included 60 patients. Their mean age was 50.5 years, and the male/female sex ratio was 0.9. The global mean score (for the SF-36 was 45.7 ± 25.5, 41 ± 24.4 for the physical dimension and 53.6 ± 27.3 for the mental health dimension. The mean global KDQoL score was 55.2 ± 24.0, 44.8 ± 26.1 for the physical dimension, and 54.8 ± 24.4 for the mental health dimension, 60.8 ± 21.3 for the specific dimension of dialysis and 78.4 ± 22.3 for patient satisfaction. The study shows that the QoL of 90% of our patients was impaired by their kidney disease. CONCLUSION: Studies that focus on QoL of dialysis patients are rare in Africa. This one showed an impaired QoL, especially for physical health, among our hemodialysis patients.

[Peritoneal dialysis in a tropical area, a reality]. / Dialyse péritonéale en milieu tropical, une réalité.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is now regarded as amajor public health concern. This is especially true in developing countries where it accounts for significant morbidity, mortality and decreased life expectancy. The main problem for developing countries is the cost of dialysis. Indeed, the availability of peritoneal dialysis for renal replacement therapy is low in sub-Saharan Africa. Since March 2004 peritoneal dialysis has been available to some patients with end-stage renal disease in Senegal. The purpose of this study was to assess epidemiologic, clinical, technical patterns and outcomes in patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis in the first three years of the program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This three-year retropective study identified 26 patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis for end-stage renal disease for a period of at least 15 days. Patients not meeting these criteria were not included. All patients had a Baxter type transfer set. Lactate-bicarbonate solution was used for countinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. In 3 cases, Icodextrin- and amino-acid based-solutions were employed. In automated peritoneal dialysis, the Home Choice machine was used for all patients. Epidemiological, clinical/paraclinical data and outcomes were noted for each patient. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included in the study. Median age was 48 +/- 6 years with a M/F sex ratio of 1.17. Most patients (84%) were literate. Diabetic nephropathy and nephroangiosclerosis were the main causes of end-stage renal disease. The mean Charlson score was 3 (range, 2 to 5). Mean residual diuresis was 435 mL/day. The peritonitis rate was 1 per 20 patient months. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most common germs. Six patients presented catheter infection: exit-site in 4 and tunnel in 2. Catheter obstruction occurred in three cases. At the end of the study, 6 patients were still in automated peritoneal dialysis and 8 in countinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Six 6 patients died and 6 were switched to hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal dialysis is available as a renal replacement therapy in Senegal. It has allowed end-stage renal disease patients greater autonomy in their working place.

[Pulmonary hypertension revealing systemic diseases: two Senegalese case reports]. / Hypertension arterielle pulmonaire revelant des connectivites: a propos de deux observations Senegalaises.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complication of autoimmune diseases which worsen the prognosis. In Senegal, a few cases of PH have been previously reported in patients with systemic sclerosis. CASE REPORTS: We report two cases of patients with PH that revealed autoimmune diseases (Sharp' syndrome and Sjögren syndrome). Epidemiological, clinical, evolutive and laboratory data were analyzed. Evolution of disease was favourable for one patient and fatal for the other. CONCLUSION: These two cases show necessity of early diagnosis of systemic diseases in our countries. PH should be screened in each patient with autoimmune disease before installation of irreversible pulmonary arterial lesions that respond to treatment. New therapy used in idiopathic PH are not yet accessible for our patients.