Eficacia del plasma rico en plaquetas y la fibrina rica en plaquetas en la regeneración periodontal: revisión sistemática / Efficacy of platelet rich plasma and platelet rich fibrin in periodontal regeneration: systematic review

La regeneración se define como la reproducción o reconstrucción de una parte perdida o lesionada del cuerpo de tal manera que la arquitectura y la función del tejido perdido o lesionado se restauren completamente. El objetivo de la terapia periodontal regenerativa es restaurar la estructura y la función del periodonto. Los efectos positivos del Plasma Rico en Plaquetas se atribuyen a las capacidades angiogénicas, mitogénicas y proliferativas de los factores de crecimiento, como el factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas, el factor de crecimiento transformante y el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular. La fibrina rica en plaquetas, es una segunda generación de concentrado plaquetario que permite obtener membranas de fibrina enriquecidas con plaquetas y factores de crecimiento, después de comenzar con una recolección de sangre libre de anticoagulantes sin ninguna modificación artificial biomecánica. El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer la eficacia del plasma rico en plaquetas y de la fibrina rica en plaquetas en la regeneración periodontal de defectos intraóseos. Las implicaciones clínicas potenciales para este material autólogo son prometedoras. Se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorios más largos, más grandes, multicéntricos y controlados para determinar los efectos del PRP y PRF en la regeneración del hueso alveolar debido a la enfermedad periodontal

Regeneration is defined as the reproduction or reconstruction of a lost part or injury of the body in such a way that the architecture and function of the lost or injured tissue are comple-tely restored. The goal of regenerative periodontal therapy is to restore the structure and function of the periodontium. The positive effects of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are attributed to the angiogenic, mitogenic and proliferative capacities of growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor, trans-forming growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second generation platelet concentrate that allows fibrin membranes enriched with platelets and growth fac-tors to be obtained after starting an anticoagulant-free blood collection without any biomechanical artificial modification. The objective of this review is to know the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma and platelet-rich fibrin in the periodontal regeneration of intrabony defects. The clinical implications for this autologous material are promising. Further long term, larger, multicentred randomized controlled clinical trials are required to determine the effects of PRP and PRF on the regeneration of alveolar bone due to periodontal disease.

Success rate of zygomatic implants forrehabilitation of severely atrophied maxillae: a review of the literature / Tasa de éxito de los implantes cigomáticos para la rehabilitacióndel maxilar severamente atrofiado: una revisión de la literatura

Severe resorption in the posterior maxilla sectors as a result of tooth loss along with the process of pneumatization of the maxillary sinus, difficult the prosthetic rehabilitation supported by conventional implants due to the shortage of vertical bone availability. So that over the years they have designed therapeutic alternatives to help overcome these drawbacks. The zygomatic implant was introduced in 1988 by Branemark. This implant has a design which allows it to be positioned over the ridge to the height of the first molar, reducing vestibular cantilever up to 20 percent and reducing complications of peri-implant inflammation, infection and gingival hyperplasia, which may lead to perforation horizontal process of the palatine bone. The purpose of this review is to determine the success rate of zygomatic implants for rehabilitation of severely atrophied maxillae. A total of 1410 zygomatic implants and 1673 Traditional implants were included in selected articles. Of these 1410 zygomatic Implants, 365 were conventional loading and 1045 were immediately and early loading, these had a success rate of 98.3 percent and 98.7 percent, respectively. Of these 1673 Traditional Implants, 463 were conventional loading and 1210 were immediately and early loading, they had a success rate of 93.9 percent and 97.8 percent, respectively. The overall success rate of zygomatic implants and Conventional implants was 98.6 percent and 96.8 percent, respectively. The rehabilitation of severely atrophied maxilla with fixed prosthesis immediately and conventional loaded by zygomatic implants gives excellent results in the medium term. When comparing traditional treatment modalities, proposals for prosthetic reconstruction of severely atrophied maxilla, the zygomatico implant has the highest success rate over conventional treatments...

La reabsorción severa en sectores posteriores del maxilar, como resultado de la pérdida de dientes junto con el proceso de neumatización del seno maxilar, resulta en una difícil rehabilitación protésica conel apoyo de los implantes convencionales, debido a la escasez de hueso vertical disponible. A lo largo de los años se han diseñado alternativas terapéuticas para ayudar a superar estos inconvenientes. El implante cigomático fue introducido en 1988 por Branemark. Este implante tiene un diseño que permite colocarse sobre la cresta hasta la altura del primer molar, reduciendo el voladizo bucal hasta en un 20 %, con la consecuente reducción de las complicaciones del peri-implantarias, como inflamación, infección y la hiperplasia gingival, que pueden conducir al desarrollo del proceso de perforación horizontal del hueso palatino. El propósito de esta revisión fue determinar la tasa de éxito de los implantes cigomáticos para la rehabilitación del maxilar gravemente atrófico. Un total de 1410 implantes cigomáticos y 1673 implantes tradicionales fueron descritos en los artículos seleccionados. De estos 1410 implantes cigomáticos, 365 eran de carga convencional y 1045 fueron de carga inmediata y temprana, teniendo una tasa de éxito del 98,3 % y 98,7 %, respectivamente. De los 1673 implantes tradicionales, 463 fueron de carga convencional y 1210 fueron de carga inmediata y temprana, presentando una tasa de éxito del 93,9 % y 97,8 %, respectivamente. La tasa de éxito de los implantes cigomáticos y los implantes convencionales fue del 98,6 % y 96,8 %, respectivamente. La rehabilitación del maxilar severamente atrofiado con prótesis fija convencional cargado inmediatamente y por los implantes cigomáticos otorgó excelentes resultados en el mediano plazo. Al comparar las modalidades de tratamiento tradicionales, propuestas para la re-construcción protésica del maxilar severamente atrofiado, el implante cigomático tiene la mayor tasa de éxito respecto a los tratamientos convencionales.

Efectos del tabaquismo en la microbiota y tejido periodontal: revisión de la literatura / Effects of smoking on the microbiota and periodontal tissue: literature review

La Periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria local crónica de los tejidos de soporte delos dientes que conduce a la pérdida progresiva del ligamento periodontal y del hueso alveolar. El tabaquismo es un factor de riesgo conocido para muchas enfermedades y la evidencia creciente sugiere que el tabaquismo afecta negativamente a la salud periodontal. El hábito del tabaquismo provoca el aumento de la flora bacteriana periodonto patógenas, aumentando su patogenicidad y alteraciones en el tejido periodontal, sin embargo el efecto del tabaquismo no es directamente a estas bacterias. La nicotina provoca una disminución del flujo sanguíneo y disminución de capilares lo que dificulta la respuesta inmune contra las bacterias patógenas. Además el sistema inmune se ve suprimido frente al tabaquismo, por lo que la acción de los leucocitos es escasamente eficaz para combatir la enfermedad periodontal. Como conclusión, el tabaquismo, principalmente la nicotina, afecta al flujo sanguíneo gingival, la producción de citocinas, la función de los neutrófilos, el recambio de tejido conectivo y como consecuencia de estos factores, aumenta el número de bacterias periodonto patógenas lo que afecta negativamente al tejido periodontal.

Periodontitis is a chronic local inflammatory disease of tissue supporting the teeth that leads to progressive loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Smoking is a known risk factor for many diseases and increasing evidence suggests that smoking negatively affects periodontal health. Cigarette smoking increased periodontal pathogenic bacterial flora, increasing their pathogenicity and alterations in the periodontal tissue, however the effect of smoking is not directly to these bacteria. Nicotine causes a decreased blood flow and decreased capillary hindering the immune response against pathogenic bacteria. In addition, the immune system is suppressed, so the action of leukocytes is poorly effective against periodontal disease. In conclusion, smoking, mainly nicotine, affects the gingival blood flow, cytokine production, the neutrophil function, replacement of connective tissue and because of these factors, increases the number of periodontal pathogenic bacteria which negatively affects the periodontal tissue.

Administration of high doses of copper to capuchin monkeys does not cause liver damage but induces transcriptional activation of hepatic proliferative responses.

Liver cells respond to copper loading upregulating protective mechanisms. However, to date, except for liver content, there are no good indicators that identify individuals with excess liver copper. We hypothesized that administering high doses of copper to young (5.5 mg Cu · kg⁻¹ . d⁻¹) and adult (7.5 mg Cu · kg⁻¹ . d⁻¹) capuchin monkeys would induce detectable liver damage. Study groups included adult monkeys (2 females, 2 males) 3-3.5 y old at enrollment treated with copper for 36 mo (ACu); age-matched controls (1 female, 3 males) that did not receive additional copper (AC); young monkeys (2 female, 2 males) treated from birth with copper for 36 mo (YCu); and young age-matched controls (2 female, 2 males) that did not receive additional copper (YC). We periodically assessed clinical, blood biochemical, and liver histological indicators and at 36 mo the hepatic mRNA abundance of MT2a, APP, DMT1, CTR1, HGF, TGFß, and NFκΒ only in adult monkeys. After 36 mo, the liver copper concentration was 4-5 times greater in treated monkeys relative to controls. All monkeys remained healthy with normal routine serum biochemical indices and there was no evidence of liver tissue damage. Relative mRNA abundance of HGF, TGFß and NFκB was significantly greater in ACu than in AC monkeys. In conclusion, capuchin monkeys exposed to copper at doses up to 50 times the current upper level enhanced expression of genes related to inflammation and injury without clinical, blood biochemical, or histological evidence of liver damage.

[Changes in the patterns of disease after the epidemiological transition in health in Chile, 1950-2003]. / Cambios del patrón de enfermedad en la postransición epidemiológica en salud en Chile, 1950-2003.

BACKGROUND: During the twentieth century there was a change in the pattern of diseases in Europe, with an increase in the incidence of allergies and autoimmune disorders, that paralleled a decrease of infectious conditions. The Hygiene hypothesis proposes that these phenomena are causally related. AIM: To evaluate the epidemiological changes of allergic, autoimmune, and infectious diseases in Chile between 1950 and 2003. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Search for the incidence and prevalence of these diseases in the national records published by the Ministry of Health, as well as through a systematic search of national literature using PubMed and Scielo as search engines. RESULTS: The annual incidence of tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, measles, and typhoid fever has progressively diminished in Chile since 1970. Figures for the national prevalence for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and type I diabetes are scarce and difficult to compare, but clearly show an increasing epidemiological trend in the last 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: The national figures suggest that, although the country has only recently gone through an epidemiological transition in health problems, there are detectable changes that show the same trends described in Europe.

Cambios del patrón de enfermedad en la postransición epidemiológica en salud en Chile, 1950-2003 / Changes in the patterns of disease after the epidemiological transition in health in Chile, 1950-2003

Background: During the twentieth century there was a change in the pattern of diseases in Europe, with an increase in the incidence of allergies and autoimmune disorders, that paralleled a decrease of infectious conditions. The Hygiene hypothesis proposes that these phenomena are causally related. Aim: To evaluate the epidemiological changes of allergic, autoimmune, and infectious diseases in Chile between 1950 and 2003. Material and methods: Search for the incidence and prevalence of these diseases in the national records published by the Ministry of Health, as well as through a systematic search of national literature using PubMed and Scielo as search engines. Results: The annual incidence of tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, measles, and typhoid fever has progressively diminished in Chile since 1970. Figures for the national prevalence for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and type I diabetes are scarce and difficult to compare, but clearly show an increasing epidemiological trend in the last 20 years. Conclusions: The national figures suggest that, although the country has only recently gone through an epidemiological transition in health problems, there are detectable changes that show the same trends described in Europe.

Early histological and functional effects of chronic copper exposure in rat liver.

Cu is an essential trace element capable of producing toxic effects in animals and man when ingested acutely or chronically in excess. Although chronic Cu exposure is increasingly recognized as a public health issue, its early effects remain largely unknown. We approached the significance of a moderate chronic Cu load in young rats to correlate early hepatic histopathological changes with functional alterations of liver cells. For this purpose, supplementation with 1,200 ppm of Cu in rat food for 16 weeks was chosen. In these conditions, Cu load elicited a significant decrease in growth curves. There were mild light microscopy alterations in Cu-treated rats, although increasing intracellular Cu storage was correlated with longer Cu exposure both by histological and biochemical measurements. Ultrastructural alterations included lysosomal inclusions as well as mitochondrial and nuclear changes. Liver perfusion studies revealed higher rates of basal O(2) consumption and colloidal carbon-induced O(2) uptake in Cu-treated rats, with enhanced carbon-induced O(2)/carbon uptake ratios and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. These changes were time-dependent and returned to control values after 12 or 16 weeks. It is concluded that subchronic Cu loading in young rats induces early hepatic morphological changes, with enhancement in Küpffer cell-dependent respiratory burst activity and NF-kappaB DNA binding, cellular responses that may prevent or alleviate the hepatotoxicity of the metal.

Cloning and characterization of human CADPS and CADPS2, new members of the Ca2+-dependent activator for secretion protein family.

The recent identification of some of the components involved in regulated and constitutive exocytotic pathways has yielded important insights into the mechanisms of membrane trafficking and vesicle secretion. To understand precisely the molecular events taking place during vesicle exocytosis, we must identify all of the proteins implicated in these pathways. In this paper we describe the full-length cloning and characterization of human CADPS and CADPS2, two new homologs of the mouse Cadps protein involved in large dense-core vesicle (LDCV)-regulated exocytosis. We show that these two genes have disparate RNA expression patterns, with CADPS restricted to neural and endocrine tissues and CADPS2 expressed ubiquitously. We also identify a C2 domain, a known protein motif involved in calcium and phospholipid interactions, in both CADPS and CADPS2. We propose that CADPS functions as a calcium sensor in regulated exocytosis, whereas CADPS2 acts as a calcium sensor in constitutive vesicle trafficking and secretion. CADPS and CADPS2 were determined to span 475 kb and 561 kb on human chromosomes 3p21.1 and 7q31.3, respectively. The q31-q34 of human chromosome 7 has recently been identified to contain a putative susceptibility locus for autism (AUTS1). The function, expression profile, and location of CADPS2 make it a candidate gene for autism, and thus we conducted mutation screening for all 28 exons in 90 unrelated autistic individuals. We identified several nucleotide substitutions, including only one that would affect the amino acid sequence. No disease-specific variants were identified.