Measurement of nonlinear refractive indices of bulk and liquid crystals by nonlinear chirped interferometry.

The nonlinear refractive indices (n2) of a selection of bulk (LiB3O5, KTiOAsO4, MgO:LiNbO3, LiGaS2, ZnSe) and liquid (E7, MLC2132) crystals are measured at 1030 nm in the sub-picosecond regime (200 fs) by nonlinear chirped interferometry. The reported values provide key parameters for the design of near- to mid-infrared parametric sources, as well as all-optical delay lines.

Reconfigurable design of a thermo-optically addressed liquid-crystal phase modulator by a neural network.

We present a machine learning approach to program the light phase modulation function of an innovative thermo-optically addressed, liquid-crystal based, spatial light modulator (TOA-SLM). The designed neural network is trained with a little amount of experimental data and is enabled to efficiently generate prescribed low-order spatial phase distortions. These results demonstrate the potential of neural network-driven TOA-SLM technology for ultrabroadband and large aperture phase modulation, from adaptive optics to ultrafast pulse shaping.

Three-dimensional liquid foam flow through a hopper resolved by fast X-ray microtomography.

We probe the complex rheological behaviour of liquid foams flowing through a conical constriction. With fast X-ray tomographic microscopy we measure in situ the displacement and deformation of up to fifty thousand bubbles at any single time instance while varying systematically the foam liquid fraction, the bubble size and the flow direction - convergent vs. divergent. The large statistics and high spatio-temporal resolution allows to observe and quantify the deviations from a purely viscous flow. We indeed reveal an asymmetry between the convergent and divergent flows associated to the emergence of elastic stresses in the latter case, and enhanced as the liquid fraction is reduced. Such effect is related to the reorientation of the deformed bubbles flowing out of the constriction, from a prolate to an oblate shape in average, while they pass through the hopper waist.

Dynamics of Frost Propagation on Breath Figures.

We investigate the process of condensation frosting on flat surfaces using thermal imaging microscopy. This method is particularly well-suited to characterize the frosting of polydisperse assemblies of dew droplets, also called breath figures, that transform into ice droplets by the propagation of frost fronts. The front propagation speed is found to be a nonmonotonous function of the characteristic droplet size of the breath figure. In our experimental conditions, the propagation speed is maximum around 70 µm s-1 for a characteristic droplet radius of around 300 µm. We mainly show that the frost propagation speed is governed by the competition between two characteristic time scales. The first one is the freezing time of individual droplets, and the other one is the formation time of interdroplet ice bridges that grow from frozen to liquid droplets. In addition, the experiments reveal that the mean ice bridge speed is constant regardless of the characteristic radius of the liquid droplets in the breath figure. A theoretical mean-field analysis without any adjustable parameters recovers all of the features of the front propagation observed in experiments.

Femtosecond laser-induced damage threshold of nematic liquid crystals at 1030 nm.

The laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of nematic liquid crystals is investigated in the femtosecond regime at ≃1030nm. The thickness and breakdown of freely suspended thin films (≃100nm) of different mixtures (MLC2073, MLC2132, and E7) is monitored in real time by spectral-domain interferometry. The duration of laser pulses was varied from 180 fs to 1.8 ps for repetition rates ranging from single shot to 1 MHz. The dependence of the LIDT with pulse duration suggests a damage mechanism dominated by ionization mechanisms at low repetition rate and by linear absorption at high repetition rate. In the single-shot regime, LIDTs exceeding 1J/cm2 are found for the three investigated mixtures. The LIDT of polyvinyl alcohol is also investigated by the same method.

An experimental study on the role of inter-particle friction in the shear-thinning behavior of non-Brownian suspensions.

This paper focuses on shear-thinning in non-Brownian suspensions. In particular, it proposes a quantitative experimental validation of the model proposed by Lobry et al. [J. Fluid Mech., 2019, 860, 682-710] that links viscosity to microscopic friction between particles and, in particular, shear-thinning to load-dependent friction coefficient. To this aim, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is used to measure the pairwise friction coefficient of polystyrene particles (40 µm in diameter), immersed in a Newtonian liquid, for different normal loads ranging from 10 to 1000 nN. It is shown that the inter-particle friction coefficient decreases with the load, contrarily to what is expected for macroscopic contacting bodies. The experimental friction law is then introduced into the viscosity model proposed by Lobry et al. and the results are compared to the viscosity of suspensions made of the same particles dispersed in the same liquid as those used for AFM measurements. The very good agreement between the measured viscosity values and those predicted by the model of Lobry et al. with the friction coefficient measured by AFM as input data shows the relevance of the scenario proposed by Lobry et al. and highlights the close links between the microscopic friction properties of the particles and the macroscopic rheological behavior of suspensions.

Kinetics of Aggregation and Magnetic Separation of Multicore Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Effect of the Grafted Layer Thickness.

In this work, we have studied field-induced aggregation and magnetic separation-realized in a microfluidic channel equipped with a single magnetizable micropillar-of multicore iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) also called "nanoflowers" of an average size of 27 ± 4 nm and covered by either a citrate or polyethylene (PEG) monolayer having a thickness of 0.2⁻1 nm and 3.4⁻7.8 nm, respectively. The thickness of the adsorbed molecular layer is shown to strongly affect the magnetic dipolar coupling parameter because thicker molecular layers result in larger separation distances between nanoparticle metal oxide multicores thus decreasing dipolar magnetic forces between them. This simple geometrical constraint effect leads to the following important features related to the aggregation and magnetic separation processes: (a) Thinner citrate layer on the IONP surface promotes faster and stronger field-induced aggregation resulting in longer and thicker bulk needle-like aggregates as compared to those obtained with a thicker PEG layer; (b) A stronger aggregation of citrated IONPs leads to an enhanced retention capacity of these IONPs by a magnetized micropillar during magnetic separation. However, the capture efficiency Λ at the beginning of the magnetic separation seems to be almost independent of the adsorbed layer thickness. This is explained by the fact that only a small portion of nanoparticles composes bulk aggregates, while the main part of nanoparticles forms chains whose capture efficiency is independent of the adsorbed layer thickness but depends solely on the Mason number Ma. More precisely, the capture efficiency shows a power law trend Λ âˆ M a−n, with n ≈ 1.4⁻1.7 at 300 < Ma < 104, in agreement with a new theoretical model. Besides these fundamental issues, the current work shows that the multicore IONPs with a size of about 30 nm have a good potential for use in biomedical sensor applications where an efficient low-field magnetic separation is required. In these applications, the nanoparticle surface design should be carried out in a close feedback with the magnetic separation study in order to find a compromise between biological functionalities of the adsorbed molecular layer and magnetic separation efficiency.

Sequential Membrane Rupture and Vesiculation during Plasmodium berghei Gametocyte Egress from the Red Blood Cell.

Malaria parasites alternate between intracellular and extracellular stages and successful egress from the host cell is crucial for continuation of the life cycle. We investigated egress of Plasmodium berghei gametocytes, an essential process taking place within a few minutes after uptake of a blood meal by the mosquito. Egress entails the rupture of two membranes surrounding the parasite: the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), and the red blood cell membrane (RBCM). High-speed video microscopy of 56 events revealed that egress in both genders comprises four well-defined phases, although each event is slightly different. The first phase is swelling of the host cell, followed by rupture and immediate vesiculation of the PVM. These vesicles are extruded through a single stabilized pore of the RBCM, and the latter is subsequently vesiculated releasing the free gametes. The time from PVM vesiculation to completion of egress varies between events. These observations were supported by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against proteins of the RBCM and PVM. The combined results reveal dynamic re-organization of the membranes and the cortical cytoskeleton of the erythrocyte during egress.

Superpropulsion of Droplets and Soft Elastic Solids.

We investigate the behavior of droplets and soft elastic objects propelled with a catapult. Experiments show that the ejection velocity depends on both the projectile deformation and the catapult acceleration dynamics. With a subtle matching given by a peculiar value of the projectile/catapult frequency ratio, a 250% kinetic energy gain is obtained as compared to the propulsion of a rigid projectile with the same engine. This superpropulsion has strong potentialities: actuation of droplets, sorting of objects according to their elastic properties, and energy saving for propulsion engines.

Method to disperse lipids as aggregates in oil for bilayers production.

Several techniques to assemble artificial lipid bilayers involve the zipping of monolayers. Their efficiency is determined by the renewal of the saturated monolayers to be zipped and this proceeds by adsorption of lipids dispersed in oil as aggregates. The size of these lipids aggregates is a key parameter to ensure both the stability of the suspension and a fast release of lipids at the interface. We propose a new method inspired from the solvent-shifting nucleation process allowing to control and tune the lipid aggregates size and that improves the production of artificial membranes. It is simpler and faster than current methods starting from a dry lipid film, which are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. This method opens the route to bilayer production processes with new potentialities in membrane composition.

Identification and characterization of Toxoplasma†SIP, a conserved apicomplexan cytoskeleton protein involved in maintaining the shape, motility and virulence of the parasite.

Apicomplexa possess a complex pellicle that is composed of a plasma membrane and a closely apposed inner membrane complex (IMC) that serves as a support for the actin-myosin motor required for motility and host cell invasion. The IMC consists of longitudinal plates of flattened vesicles, fused together and lined on the cytoplasmic side by a subpellicular network of intermediate filament-like proteins. The spatial organization of the IMC has been well described by electron microscopy, but its composition and molecular organization is largely unknown. Here, we identify a novel protein of the IMC cytoskeletal network in Toxoplasma gondii, called TgSIP, and conserved among apicomplexan parasites. To finely pinpoint the localization of TgSIP, we used structured illumination super-resolution microscopy and revealed that it likely decorates the transverse sutures of the plates and the basal end of the IMC. This suggests that TgSIP might contribute to the organization or physical connection among the different components of the IMC. We generated a T.gondii SIP deletion mutant and showed that parasites lacking TgSIP are significantly shorter than wild-type parasites and show defects in gliding motility, invasion and reduced infectivity in mice.