Glass transition in ultrathin films of amorphous solid water.

Nanocalorimetry at ultrafast heating rates is used to investigate the glass transition of nanometer thick films of metastable amorphous solid water grown by vapor deposition in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. Apparent heat capacity curves exhibit characteristic features depending on the deposition temperature. While films grown at T ≥ 155 K are completely crystallized, those deposited at 90 K show a relaxation exotherm prior to crystallization. Films grown between 135 and 140 K and subsequently cooled down to 90 K reveal a clear endothermic feature before crystallization, which is compatible with a glass-to-liquid transition. The onset temperature is located at 174 K at a heating rate of 2.4 × 10(4) K/s and is independent of film thickness in the range of 16-150 nm. Comparison of our data with other calorimetric measurements at various heating rates suggests that water is a strong glass former in the deeply supercooled state.

Anomalous Transformation of Vapor-Deposited Highly Stable Glasses of Toluene into Mixed Glassy States by Annealing Above Tg.

Vapor-deposited glasses have recently emerged as a remarkable new class of materials that can form much denser and stable glasses than those obtained by cooling the liquid. These new amorphous materials reach lower regions of the energy landscape and may impact important technologies that use vapor-deposition. Here, we report on the formation of a glass with two distinct glassy states obtained through the partial annealing of highly stable vapor-deposited glassy films of toluene. The resulting glass exhibits two clear heat capacity overshoots with different onset and fictive temperatures. The transformation times of the ultrastable glass are around 10(5) times slower than the structural relaxation time (τα) of supercooled liquid toluene. We show that the nature of the transformed glass depends on the annealing temperature above Tg. This finding suggests the formation of distinct supercooled liquids at temperatures slightly above Tg during the transformation of the highly stable glass. Our results are compatible with the existence of polyamorphism in toluene.

Accelerated aging in ultrathin films of a molecular glass former.

We report the thermodynamic measurement of the enthalpy released during the aging of supported films of a molecular glass former, toluene, at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature. By using microfabricated devices with very short equilibration times (below 1 s), we evidence a remarkable variation of the relaxation rate on decreasing film thickness from 100 nm down to a 7 nm thick film. Our results demonstrate that surface atoms are more efficient than bulk atoms in attaining low energy configurations within the potential energy landscape.

In situ nanocalorimetry of thin glassy organic films.

In this work, we describe the design and first experimental results of a new setup that combines evaporation of liquids in ultrahigh vacuum conditions with in situ high sensitivity thermal characterization of thin films. Organic compounds are deposited from the vapor directly onto a liquid nitrogen cooled substrate, permitting the preparation and characterization of glassy films. The substrate consists of a microfabricated, membrane-based nanocalorimeter that permits in situ measurements of heat capacity under ultrafast heating rates (up to 10(5) K/s) in the temperature range of 100-300 K. Three glass forming liquids-toluene, methanol, and acetic acid-are characterized. The spikes in heat capacity related to the glass-transition temperature, the fictive temperature and, in some cases, the onset temperature of crystallization are determined for several heating rates.

Zirconia-toughened hydroxyapatite ceramic obtained by wet sintering.

A toughened hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic has been obtained through the incorporation of magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) under uniaxial pressing and sintering in wet oxygen at 1250 degrees C for 4 h. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and infrared spectra (FT-IR) show that HA is the only calcium phosphate phase present. The composite (MgPSZ-HA) has a density of 94% the theoretical value. The bending strength and the fracture toughness are around 50% higher for Mg-PSZ reinforced than for HA. The grain size and the fracture surface were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of the Mg-PSZ particles on the fracture mechanism of the HA ceramic is discussed.