Summer research program for medical students.

The decrease in the number of physician investigators is a serious national problem. Direct participation in research by medical students is widely regarded as a valuable component of medical education and as a stimulus to a career in research. A voluntary summer research program was implemented at the Medical College of Ohio at Toledo with student participation exceeding 20 percent for the classes entering in 1980 and 1981 and reaching 40 percent for the freshman class that entered in 1982. The research program was planned along with implementation of a new four-year curriculum. First-year students were encouraged to participate in research projects during the summer between their first and second year. Interested students were matched with faculty members by mutual agreement. An evaluation of the program based on publications and presentations by medical students and on responses of students and faculty members to a questionnaire was made.

The changing trends of uterine cancer and cytology: a study of morbidity and mortality trends over a twenty year period.

Data on squamous carcinoma of the cervix from a 20 year study period (1955 to 1974) in metropolitan Toledo revealed a 66% reduction of the average annual age-adjusted incidence rate and a 61% reduction in death rate of cervical squamous carcinoma when the first time period (1955 to 1958) was compared with the last time period (1971 to 1974). The decrease for both morbidity and mortality rates was more pronounced in women age 50 years and younger. The age-adjusted death rate during this study period revealed 15.5/100,000 for black women and 8.7/100,000 for white women. The reduction in death rate of 83% in black women is more prominent than 54.5% in white women. The decrease in both morbidity and mortality for cervical squamous carcinoma has a close relation to cytologic screening activity. The factors of age and race, probably related to socioeconomic status, are two known determinants of risk for cervical squamous carcinoma. Data for endometrial carcinoma during this study period revealed 15.5/100,000 women in the average age-adjusted incidence and an increase of 13.8% in average yearly rates when the first time period (1955 to 1958) were compared with the last time period (1971 to 1974). The peak age was 60 to 64 years old in the first time period and shifted to 70 to 74 years old in the last time period. The trend in metropolitan Toledo is comparable to that of Louisville, Kentucky. The mass cytologic screening program which contributed to a remarkable reduction in morbidity and mortality for the cervical squamous carcinoma, did not have any beneficial effect on endometrial carcinoma.

Flagellar adenosine triphosphatase from sea urchin sperm: properties and relation to motility.

Adenosine triphosphatase activated by divalent cations is apparently a component of the motile apparatus in flagella of Arbacia sperm, as judged by the activity of this enzyme in intact flagella, glycerol-extracted flagella, and soluble extracts prepared from flagella. However, the variation in the physical properties and in the amount of enzyme obtained after a variety of treatments suggests that additional components are involved in the motile mechanism. These features distinguish the soluble flagellar enzyme from adenosine triphosphatases of other motile cells.