ABSTRACT
Elevated peripheral proline is associated with psychiatric disorders, and there is evidence that proline is a neuromodulator. The proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) gene, which encodes the enzyme that catalyzes proline catabolism, maps to human chromosome 22q11.2, a region conferring risk of schizophrenia. In the Prodh-null mouse, an interaction between elevated peripheral proline and another 22q11.2 gene, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), on neurotransmission and behavior has been reported. We explored the relationship between fasting plasma proline levels and COMT Val(158)Met genotype on symptoms (positive, negative and total) in schizophrenia patients. In an exploratory study we also examined symptom change in patients with bipolar disorder. There was a significant interaction between peripheral proline and COMT on negative symptoms in schizophrenia (P<0.0001, n=95). In COMT Val/Val patients, high proline was associated with low Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptom (SANS) scores. In contrast, high proline was associated with high SANS scores in patients carrying a Met allele. The relationship between proline and COMT also appears to modify negative symptoms across psychiatric illness. In bipolar disorder, a significant interaction was also observed on negative-symptom change (P=0.007, n=43). Negative symptoms are intractable and largely unaddressed by current medications. These data indicate a significant interaction between peripheral proline and COMT genotype, influencing negative symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. That high proline has converse effects on symptoms by COMT genotype, may have implications for therapeutic decisions.
Subject(s)
Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/genetics , Proline/blood , Schizophrenia/genetics , Schizophrenic Psychology , Adult , Alleles , Bipolar Disorder/psychology , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Polymorphism, Single NucleotideABSTRACT
We have isolated the human homolog of a novel rodent gene that may be involved in the regulation of pituitary gene transcription. The human PREB gene encodes a predicted protein of 417 amino acids, exhibiting several sequences characteristic of the WD-motif protein family. PREB transcripts were detected in every human fetal and adult tissue examined, although a great variation in levels of expression was observed. PREB was mapped to human Chromosome 2p23, a region of the genome associated with partial trisomy 2p syndrome. Although variable, the common duplication phenotype includes facial abnormalities, skeletal defects, growth and mental retardation, congenital heart and neural tube defects, and abnormalities of the genitalia. We propose that PREB has a role during human development and that abnormal dosage of this transcription factor may be involved in some of the developmental abnormalities observed in patients with partial trisomy 2p.
Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Cell Line , Chromosome Mapping , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics , Cloning, Molecular , DNA/chemistry , DNA/genetics , DNA, Complementary/chemistry , DNA, Complementary/genetics , DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification , Exons , Female , Gene Expression , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental , Genes/genetics , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors , Humans , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Introns , Male , Molecular Sequence Data , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid , Syndrome , Tissue Distribution , TrisomyABSTRACT
We have isolated from mouse a novel WD-motif-containing gene designated Preb. This gene encodes a predicted protein of 416 amino acids and has significant homology with other members of the WD-motif gene superfamily that play a role in cell fate determination. Preb maps to the proximal end of chromosome 5 in mouse, near the Hmx1 homeobox gene. Preb is detectable in early stage embryos in the peripheral nervous system, developing liver, and surface ectoderm. Later, Preb is expressed in the anterior portion of Rathke's pouch, which gives rise to the anterior pituitary, the organ responsible for the production of prolactin and other hormones. In midgestation embryos, the most extensive expression of Preb is observed in the perichondrium of the craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton. The expression pattern of Preb in murine embryos suggests a potential role in the specification of multiple cell types, in particular, the fetal skeleton.
