ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the best scaling method to account for the effects of body size on measurements of overall cardiac function and subsequently the interpretation of data based on cardiac power output (CPO). CPO was measured at rest (CPO(rest)) and at maximal exercise (CPO(max)) on 88 and 103 healthy but untrained men and women, respectively, over the age range of 20-70 yr. Cardiac reserve (CR) was calculated as CPO(max) - CPO(rest). CPO(rest), CPO(max), and CR were all significantly related to body mass (BM), body surface area (BSA), and lean body mass (LBM). The linear regression model failed to completely normalize these measurements. In contrast, the allometric model produced size-independent values of CPO. Furthermore, all the assumptions associated with the allometric model were achieved. For CPO(rest), mean body size exponents were BM(0.33), BSA(0.60), and LBM(0.47). For CPO(max), the exponents were BM(0.41), BSA(0.81), and LBM(0.71). For CR, mean body size exponents were BM(0.44), BSA(0.87), and LBM(0.79). LBM was identified (from the root-mean-squares errors of the separate regression models) as the best physiological variable (based on its high metabolic activity) to be scaled in the allometric model. Scaling of CPO to LBM(b) (where b is the scaling exponent) dramatically reduced the between-gender differences with only a 7% difference in CPO(rest) and CPO(max) values. In addition, the gender difference in CR was completely removed. To avoid erroneous interpretations and conclusions being made when comparing data between men and women of different ages, the allometric scaling of CPO to LBM(b) would seem crucial.
Subject(s)
Body Weight/physiology , Heart Function Tests , Heart/physiology , Adult , Aged , Body Composition/physiology , Cardiac Output/physiology , Electrocardiography , Exercise/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Biological , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Sex CharacteristicsABSTRACT
A labial access opening is suggested for endodontic treatment of mandibular incisors. This approach facilitates the identification and instrumentation of two canals, if present, and enhances achievement of complete obturation. More coronal tooth structure is preserved, enabling an optimum dowel core design for bracing the root.