Endovascular treatment of CCSVI in patients with multiple sclerosis: clinical outcome of 462 cases.

Although it is still debated whether chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) plays a role in multiple sclerosis (MS) development, many patients underwent endovascular treatment (ET) of CCSVI. The objective of the study is to evaluate the outcome and safety of ET in Italian MS patients. Italian MS centers that are part of the Italian MS Study Group were all invited to participate to this retrospective study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect detailed clinical data before and after the ET. Data from 462 patients were collected in 33 centers. ET consisted of balloon dilatation (93 % of cases) or stent application. The mean follow-up duration after ET was 31 weeks. Mean EDSS remained unchanged after ET (5.2 vs. 4.9), 144 relapses occurred in 98/462 cases (21 %), mainly in RR-MS patients. Fifteen severe adverse events were recorded in 3.2 % of cases. Given the risk of severe adverse events and the lack of objective beneficial effects, our findings confirm that at present ET should not be recommended to patients with MS.

Effect of glatiramer acetate on disease reactivation in MS patients discontinuing natalizumab.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients discontinuing natalizumab are at risk of rebound of disease activity. METHODS: In the present multi-center, open-label, non-randomized, prospective, pilot study, we tested whether treatment with glatiramer acetate (GA) is safe and effective after natalizumab in MS patients. The study was performed at academic tertiary medical centers. Forty active relapsing-remitting MS patients who never failed GA therapy and who discontinued natalizumab after 12-18 months of therapy were enrolled. GA was initiated 4 weeks after the last dose of natalizumab. RESULTS: 62.5% of patients were relapse-free 12 months after GA initiation. Annualized relapse rate and time to relapse were significantly lower than before natalizumab. Notably, the frequency of relapses was significantly lower amongst those patients who had experienced ≤2 relapses the year before initiation of natalizumab therapy, compared with patients who had had three or more relapses. No evidence of rebound was observed in magnetic resonance imaging scans. Furthermore, Expanded Disability Status Scale and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite were stable in our patients, again suggesting that 12 months of post-natalizumab-GA therapy is not associated with clinical deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: Following discontinuation of natalizumab, 12 months of therapy with GA is safe and well tolerated in MS patients. GA can reduce the risk of early reactivation/rebound of disease activity in this setting.

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 B-cell epitopes in multiple sclerosis twins.

BACKGROUND: Compared with quantitative observations, the search for qualitative changes that may characterize the immune response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been less intense. OBJECTIVE: To examine the B-cell epitopes of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) and their relevance for MS, through a study in disease-discordant identical twins. METHODS: We evaluated the antibodies to all unique, maximally overlapping octapeptides of EBNA-1 in 12 pairs of monozygotic (MZ) twins (9 MS-discordant, 3 healthy), 3 non-twin patients and 2 healthy subjects. All except one of the patients were untreated. The EBV serology of these individuals had been assessed in advance using commercially available and in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, including assays for antibodies against select peptides of EBNA-1: EBNA-72 (GAGGGAGAGG) and EBNA-206 (EADYFEYHQEGGPDGE). RESULTS: The glycine-alanine rich domain of EBNA-1 was immunodominant in all subjects. Compared with healthy individuals, and similarly to what has been described in infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients, affected co-twins and non-twin patients had a significantly increased response to another EBNA-1 epitope (aa. 401-411). CONCLUSION: In a study that controls for confounders, our data focus an EBNA-1 specificity that may be associated with MS pathogenesis.

Serum elements and oxidative status in clinically isolated syndromes: imbalance and predictivity.

BACKGROUND: Metals are suspected of being involved in the pathogenesis of various neurologic diseases. We previously found a complex imbalance in serum chemical elements and oxidative status in patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). OBJECTIVE: To understand whether this imbalance affects people with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and, if so, whether it predicts conversion to CDMS. METHODS: We studied 22 chemical elements and the oxidative status in 49 patients with CIS, 49 patients with CDMS, and 49 healthy donors (HD). Univariate and multivariate approaches were used to identify profiles for each group. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictive potential of baseline data (elements, oxidative status, and MRI findings) for conversion to CDMS over 36 months. RESULTS: Several elements and oxidative status values differed significantly among the 3 groups. Discriminant analysis revealed a major contribution of Ca, Fe, Sn, Zn, serum antioxidant capacity, and serum oxidative status, which resulted in distinct profiles (the prediction of group membership was 96% [cross-validated 92%] for HD, 92% [cross-validated 92%] for CDMS, and 90% [cross-validated 86%] for CIS). A weighted combination of element concentrations and oxidative status values, adjusting for all other predictors, would predict a reduction in the risk of conversion to CDMS within 3 years (odds ratio 0.37; 95% confidence interval 0.18-0.76; p = 0.007), thereby proving more effective than MRI at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The peculiar imbalance in serum elements and oxidative status that characterizes patients with CIS and may predict conversion to CDMS warrants studies on larger sample sizes.