ABSTRACT
Salivary cortisol is widely used as an indicator of stress and welfare in canine research. However, much remains unclear about the basic features of this hormone marker in domestic dogs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine a reference range for cortisol concentration in the saliva of dogs and examine how canine characteristics, environmental effects and experimental considerations relate to salivary cortisol concentrations. A systematic review of literature databases and conference proceedings from 1992 to 2012 identified 61 peer-reviewed studies using domestic dog salivary cortisol. Researchers were contacted via email, and 31 raw data sets representing a total of 5,153 samples from 1,205 dogs were shared. Meta-analysis provided a cortisol concentration range of 0 to 33.79 µg/dL (mean 0.45 µg/dL, SEM 0.13). Significant effects (P < 0.05) were found for sex and neuter status, age, regular living environment, time in environment before testing, testing environment, owner presence during testing, and collection media. Significant effects were not found for dog breed, body weight, dog type, coat color, assay type, exercise, eating, or use of salivary stimulant. Care should be taken when using cortisol studies for dogs at a group or population level as there is a large amount of intraindividual and interindividual variability and external variables could influence salivary cortisol concentration. This analysis highlights the importance of carefully controlling experimental design to compare samples within and between individual dogs, as well as establishing and using best practices for saliva collection. Caution should be exercised in comparing different studies, as the results could be the reflection of a plethora of factors.
Subject(s)
Dogs/metabolism , Hydrocortisone/chemistry , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Saliva/chemistry , Saliva/metabolism , Animals , Stress, PhysiologicalSubject(s)
Anesthesia, Inhalation , Isoflurane , Methyl Ethers , Adult , Aged , Aorta, Abdominal , Aortic Aneurysm/surgery , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Recent clinical reports suggest that the majority of neonates with gastroschisis are best managed with a silon pouch technique. Our results with primary closure and short-term ventilatory assistance show a survival rate equal to that of the silon pouch technique. In addition, multiple operations and the chances of complications related to the pouch are avoided. No complications relating to the ventilatory assistance were encountered. Better pediatric ventilators and improved pediatric respiratory management allow this technique to be used for gastroschisis now, whereas 10 years ago the complications ith neonatal ventilators may have outweighed the morbidity of the silon pouch.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Muscles/abnormalities , Respiration, Artificial , Abdominal Muscles/surgery , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Intestinal Diseases/surgery , Male , Pulmonary VentilationSubject(s)
Ambulatory Care , Preanesthetic Medication , Adult , Barbiturates , Child , Humans , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Narcotics , Parasympatholytics , Pediatrics , Psychotropic Drugs , Tranquilizing AgentsABSTRACT
Problems of management in a child with a large Wilms' tumor and severe uncontrolled hypertension presenting for anesthesia and operation included attempts to determine the etiology of the hypertension; identification of hazards produced by attempted rapid pharmacologic control of blood pressure; need for urgent operative intervention despite uncontrolled hypertension; and choice of anesthetic agent and technic.
