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1.
Theriogenology ; 62(8): 1367-82, 2004 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15451246

ABSTRACT

Vaccines against both bovine venereal campylobacteriosis and trichomonosis were tested. Heifers were assigned to three groups. Groups 1 (n = 21 heifers) and group 2 (n = 20) received a commercial or experimental vaccine, respectively, containing both Campylobacter fetus and Tritrichomonas foetus antigens. Group 3 (n = 21) received adjuvant alone. Preparations were injected SQ in groups 1 and 3 at days -60 and -30 (day 0 was considered the first day of a 90-day breeding period), and in group 2 SQ at days -30 and +11 and into the vaginal submucosa at day -9. Heifers were exposed to two pathogen-infected bulls for 90 days (from day 0 to day +90); furthermore, half of the heifers in each group were challenged at day +39 by an intravaginal instillation of C. fetus venerealis and T. foetus. Pregnancy diagnosis, vaginal culture, and determination of systemic IgG for both organisms were performed. Compared to controls, vaccinated heifers resisted or quickly cleared both pathogens, had a higher pregnancy rate and a higher systemic immune response during and after the breeding period. Overall, the experimental vaccine was superior to the commercial vaccine (groups 2 and 1, respectively). In conclusion, an experimental vaccine containing both C. fetus and T. foetus antigens, given both SQ and intravaginal immediately before breeding and early in the breeding season, yielded superior protection for heifers exposed to bulls harboring C. fetus and T. foetus.


Subject(s)
Campylobacter fetus/immunology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Immunization/veterinary , Tritrichomonas foetus/immunology , Vaccines/administration & dosage , Animals , Antigens, Bacterial/immunology , Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Breeding , Campylobacter Infections/immunology , Campylobacter Infections/prevention & control , Campylobacter Infections/veterinary , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Female , Immunization/methods , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Male , Pregnancy , Protozoan Infections/immunology , Protozoan Infections/prevention & control , Protozoan Infections, Animal
2.
Vet Parasitol ; 120(1-2): 145-50, 2004 Feb 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15019152

ABSTRACT

Experimental infection of the reproductive tracts of heifers and bulls with Tetratrichomonas sp. isolated from preputial smegma of virgin bulls was attempted. Nine heifers and four bulls were challenged by inoculation of 7 x 10(6) Tetratrichomonas sp. into the vaginal lumen and preputial cavity, respectively. Vaginal mucus and preputial smegma samples were collected and cultured for Tetratrichomonas sp. Heifers were slaughtered in groups of three at 2, 9 and 21 days after inoculation. Two heifers and two bulls infected with Tritrichomonas foetus and two uninfected heifers were used as controls for the model infection. Tetratrichomonas sp. were only isolated in vaginal mucus of 7/9 inoculated heifers at 6h post-inoculation, and genital secretions taken at slaughter time from vagina, uterus and oviduct were cultural negative. Bulls challenged with Tetratrichomonas sp. remained cultural negative. Since Tetratrichomonas sp. survived only a few hours in the female genitalia and did not survive in the male genitalia after experimental challenge, Tetratrichomonas sp. did not colonize the genital tract. These were likely trichomonads from the digestive tract. Collection of clean samples without fecal contamination from the reproductive tract is proposed as a measure to avoid Tetratrichomonas sp. transitory genital infection.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Genital Diseases, Female/veterinary , Genital Diseases, Male/veterinary , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Trichomonadida/growth & development , Animals , Cattle , Female , Genital Diseases, Female/parasitology , Genital Diseases, Male/parasitology , Male , Protozoan Infections/parasitology
3.
Vet Parasitol ; 117(3): 195-211, 2003 Nov 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14630428

ABSTRACT

We present observations on an unusual tetratrichomonad species isolated from preputial smegma of virgin bulls. Ultrastructural studies were performed using scanning and electron microscopy techniques. This protozoan presents four anterior flagella of unequal length and a recurrent one forming the undulating membrane. It shows one anterior nucleus, a Golgi complex, an axostyle, and a costa. The hydrogenosomes are rather elongated, seen in groups, and presenting different electron densities. Vacuoles of different sizes containing bacteria and material in process of digestion were frequently found. PCR was also used in order to compare the species herein described with other trichomonad species. The amplification products were seen only with primers TFR1 and TFR2 (specific to trichomonads), but not with TFR3 and TFR4 (specific to Tritrichomonas foetus), suggesting that although collected from the genital tract of the bull, this protist was not T. foetus. We propose that the appearance of these tetratrichomonads were probably due to the sodomy practiced among bulls. Concomitant contamination of preputial cavity with feces could explain the presence of the opportunistic organism. The observations presented here show the importance of the correct diagnostic when investigating samples obtained from the urogenital tract of cattle. We also suggest that this flagellate belongs to the species Tetratrichomonas buttreyi.


Subject(s)
Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Smegma/parasitology , Trichomonadida/ultrastructure , Animals , Cattle , DNA, Protozoan/analysis , Male , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/veterinary , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission/veterinary , Penis/parasitology , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Protozoan Infections/parasitology , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Species Specificity , Trichomonadida/genetics , Trichomonadida/isolation & purification , Tritrichomonas foetus/ultrastructure
4.
Vet Parasitol ; 109(3-4): 169-84, 2002 Nov 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12423930

ABSTRACT

The performance of a whole-cell vaccine and the other vaccine with cellular membranes of Tritrichomonas foetus applied to heifers naturally challenged by mating with an infected bull was determined. Forty heifers were divided into three groups: a control group (n=16) without immunizing, another group (n=12) immunized with whole cells (10(8)/dose) and a third group (n=12) immunized with cellular membranes (300 micro g of membranes/dose protein). The females were subcutaneously vaccinated at 3-week on two occasions and received a third intravaginal booster dose. After 3 weeks of the last vaccinal doses, the heifers were served by a T. foetus infected bull over 90-day period. The mean duration of infection for membrane-vaccinated heifers was 60 days +/-25, compared with 63 days +/-35.8 of infection for whole-cell-vaccinated heifers and 79 days +/-41.3 for control heifers. Calving rates were 6/12 for membrane-vaccinated heifers, 3/12 for whole-cell-vaccinated animals, and 2/16 for control animals. Fetal mortality rates were 3/12 for membrane-vaccinated animals, 4/12 for those vaccinated with whole cells and 10/16 for control animals. These reproductive parameters were significantly different (P<0.05) between heifers vaccinated with membranes and control heifers. The hemolytic test and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) with T. foetus antigen showed that serum immunoglobulins peaked before and during the breeding period. The heifers vaccinated with membranes developed an important response during the critical period of fetal loss, second and third month of the breeding time, and another month after the same period. The ELISA method was more sensitive and more reliable than the hemolytic test for the evaluation of the systemic immune response in females infected and/or vaccinated with T. foetus.


Subject(s)
Cattle/immunology , Protozoan Infections, Animal , Protozoan Infections/immunology , Protozoan Vaccines/immunology , Tritrichomonas foetus/immunology , Vaccination/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/analysis , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Cattle/parasitology , Cattle/physiology , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Fetal Death/parasitology , Fetal Death/veterinary , Hemolysis , Male , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/parasitology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/veterinary , Protozoan Infections/prevention & control , Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage , Reproduction , Time Factors
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