[HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: physicians are not prepared]. / Prophylaxie pré-exposition au VIH : les médecins ne sont pas préparés.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective tool in HIV prevention but is rarely prescribed by primary care physicians. A survey conducted among 147 physicians to assess their knowledge and interest in prescribing PrEP shows that 97% stated they have already heard of PrEP, but their knowledge of its indications, dosage, price, and side-effects is often incomplete or incorrect. For 69% of them, the main obstacle to prescribing PrEP is the lack of training on the subject. However, 70% of physicians express interest in receiving training to confidently prescribe PrEP to their patients. To address this demand, the clinical recommendations of the SwissPrEPared program are summarized.

La prophylaxie pré-exposition au VIH (PrEP) est un outil efficace dans la prévention du VIH mais rarement prescrite par les médecins de premier recours. Un sondage mené auprès de 147 médecins pour évaluer leurs connaissances et intérêt à prescrire la PrEP indique que 97 % déclarent avoir déjà entendu parler de la PrEP, mais aussi que leurs connaissances quant aux indications, posologie, prix et effets secondaires restent souvent lacunaires ou erronées. Pour 69 % des sondés, le principal obstacle à la prescription de la PrEP est le manque de formation sur le sujet. Cependant, 70 % des médecins se disent intéressés à être formés afin de prescrire la PrEP en toute confiance à leurs patients. Pour répondre à cette demande, les recommandations cliniques du programme SwissPrEPared sont résumées.

[Innovative responses to HIV-related issues in a university hospital in Switzerland]. / Réponses innovantes pour faire face aux enjeux liés au VIH dans un hôpital universitaire en Suisse.

HIV remains a highly stigmatized condition, negatively impacting social and psychological outcomes for those living with the virus. Services for people living with HIV need to reflect this reality and be relevant to their needs. In this article, we describe initiatives at the Infectious Diseases Outpatients' Service at Lausanne University Hospital. Peer-based social support, the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge and competence through therapeutic education programs, employing people living with HIV within the service, and involving them in research processes: these all contribute to the empowerment of those concerned, and to fighting the stigma they might anticipate or encounter. In conjunction with - and complementary to - medical care, these services play an important role in improving the quality of life of people living with HIV today.

Le VIH demeure une maladie chronique hautement stigmatisée, avec un impact psychologique et social important chez les personnes concernées. Il est alors nécessaire de proposer des prestations adaptées et pertinentes aux besoins réels de ces dernières. Dans cet article, nous présentons les initiatives mises en place par la consultation des maladies infectieuses ambulatoire du CHUV. Le soutien social entre pairs, le renforcement et/ou l'acquisition de compétences et connaissances via l'éducation thérapeutique, l'embauche des personnes vivant avec le VIH et leurs implications dans la recherche : autant de facteurs qui contribuent à l'empowerment, et qui tendent à lutter contre la stigmatisation et l'isolement. Complémentaires à la prise en charge médicale, ces éléments jouent un rôle important en améliorant la qualité de vie des personnes concernées.

[Stigma and HIV: relevant for everyone]. / Stigmatisation et VIH : tous concernés.

Medical advances in the treatment of HIV over the last 35 years mean that people living with HIV (PLHIV) now have a life expectancy close to that of the general population. Further, when successfully treated, PLHIV cannot transmit the virus. Despite this, HIV-related stigma remains widespread, including within healthcare settings. Stigma is not a vague sociological notion but represents a real threat to public health, with repercussions for both PLHIV and HIV-negative individuals. Stigma has been shown to have a negative impact on HIV prevention, testing, access to health services, and on the healthcare management of PLHIV. Taking stigma into consideration is essential, both in meeting the medical and psycho-social needs of PLHIV and in order to effectively combat HIV/AIDS.

Les progrès des 35 dernières années dans la prise en charge médicale du VIH ont permis aux personnes vivant avec ce virus (PVVIH) d'avoir une espérance de vie similaire à celle de la population générale. Avec un traitement efficace, les PVVIH ne peuvent plus transmettre le virus. Cependant, la stigmatisation associée au VIH reste considérable, y compris dans les milieux de soins. La stigmatisation n'est pas une vague notion sociologique, mais un véritable enjeu de santé publique pouvant avoir un impact tant chez les personnes séronégatives que chez les PVVIH. Elle a un impact néfaste sur la prévention de l'infection, le dépistage, l'accès aux soins, et sur la gestion de la santé des PVVIH. Une prise en considération de la stigmatisation est essentielle pour garantir aux PVVIH un accompagnement médical et psychosocial optimal, ainsi que pour lutter contre l'épidémie du VIH/sida.

Cirugía Pancreática: Rol de la evaluación nutricional como parte del manejo interdisciplinario / Pancreatic Surgery: Role of nutritional assessment as part of interdisciplinary management

El soporte nutricional óptimo en el campo de la cirugía pancreática aún es objeto de debate. Se buscó evaluar la importancia de la evaluación nutricional en pacientes con resecciones pancreáticas. Análisis retrospectivo de una base de datos prospectiva. Se realizó evaluación nutricional sistemática. Las variables analizadas fueron, tiempo de estadía hospitalaria y en UTI, complicaciones y mortalidad. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas usando test de forma aislada. Sin embargo la asociación de desnutrición severa por más de un test se asoció a un aumento significativo en la mortalidad post-operatoria. La evaluación interdisciplinaria de los pacientes con tumores bilio-pancreáticos, debe incluir una adecuada valoración del estado nutricional para identificar aquellos con mayor riesgo

The optimal nutritional support in pancreatic surgery is still under debate. We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospective data base. Systematic nutritional assessment was performed. Length of hospital stay and in ICU, morbidityand mortality, were analyzed. We didn't find significative differences between any of the nutritional test. However, patients with severe malnutrition in different tests were associated with higher mortality. Interdisciplinary management of patients with biliopancreatic tumors should include an adequate nutritional evaluation to identify high risk patients.

Adherence to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer therapeutic algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma in the daily practice: a multicenter cohort study from Argentina.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Adherence to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging algorithm for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma is challenging in the daily practice. We aimed to analyze adherence to BCLC along with its effect on patient survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in 14 hospitals from Argentina including patients with newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma (2009-2016). Adherence was considered when the first treatment was the one recommended by the BCLC. RESULTS: Overall, 708 patients were included. At diagnosis, BCLC stages were as follows: stage 0 4%, A 43%, B 22%, C 9% and D 22%. Overall, 53% of the patients were treated according to BCLC, 24% were undertreated, and 23% overtreated. Adherence to BCLC increased to 63% in subsequent treatments. Independent factors associated with adherence to BCLC were the presence of portal hypertension [odds ratio: 1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-2.39] and BCLC stage C (odds ratio: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12-0.72). In a multivariable model adjusting for portal hypertension and BCLC stages, adherence to BCLC showed improved survival (hazard ratio: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.52-0.87). CONCLUSION: Adherence to BCLC represents a challenge in the daily practice, with almost half of the patients being treated accordingly, showing that the decision-making process should be tailored to each individual patient.

Fatty liver disease, an emerging etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Argentina.

AIM: To investigate any changing trends in the etiologies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Argentina during the last years. METHODS: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted by 14 regional hospitals starting in 2009 through 2016. All adult patients with newly diagnosed HCC either with pathology or imaging criteria were included. Patients were classified as presenting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) either by histology or clinically, provided that all other etiologies of liver disease were ruled out, fatty liver was present on abdominal ultrasound and alcohol consumption was excluded. Complete follow-up was assessed in all included subjects since the date of HCC diagnosis until death or last medical visit. RESULTS: A total of 708 consecutive adults with HCC were included. Six out of 14 hospitals were liver transplant centers (n = 484). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 27.7%. Overall, HCV was the main cause of liver disease related with HCC (37%) including cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients, followed by alcoholic liver disease 20.8%, NAFLD 11.4%, cryptogenic 9.6%, HBV 5.4% infection, cholestatic disease and autoimmune hepatitis 2.2%, and other causes 9.9%. A 6-fold increase in the percentage corresponding to NAFLD-HCC was detected when the starting year, i.e., 2009 was compared to the last one, i.e., 2015 (4.3% vs 25.6%; P < 0.0001). Accordingly, a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus was present in NAFLD-HCC group 61.7% when compared to other than NAFLD-HCC 23.3% (P < 0.0001). Lower median AFP values at HCC diagnosis were observed between NAFLD-HCC and non-NAFLD groups (6.6 ng/mL vs 26 ng/mL; P = 0.02). Neither NAFLD nor other HCC etiologies were associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSION: The growing incidence of NAFLD-HCC documented in the United States and Europe is also observed in Argentina, a confirmation with important Public Health implications.

[De novo malignant tumors following liver transplantation. A single-center experience in Argentina]. / Tumores malignos de novo en el trasplante hepático. Experiencia de un centro en la Argentina.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical features of de novo tumors in patients undergoing liver transplantation in our center as well as to assess survival. We retrospectively analyzed 168 liver transplantations (159 patients) performed from May 2006 to May 2014. The incidence of de novo tumors was 7.5% (n = 12). The mean age at diagnosis was 63 ± 7 years. The most frequent neoplasms were non melanoma skin tumors and adenocarcinomas. Fifty percent of the tumors developed in the second and third year after transplantation. Type of immunosuppression did not influence tumoral type, although most patients receive tacrolimus in combination with mycofenolate and/or corticoids. The mean duration of follow-up after diagnosis of the tumor was 25 ± 29 months (range 0-76) and the mortality was 41%. The actuarial probability of survival at 1 and 5 years was 83 and 55%, respectively. De novo tumors are frequent after liver transplantation and their clinical course differs from that in the general population. Because their clinical course is more aggressive, regular follow up of these patients is essential for early diagnosis.

Tumores malignos de novo en el trasplante hepático experiencia de un centro en la Argentina

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar la incidencia y las características clínicas de los tumores aparecidos de novo en los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático, como así también su supervivencia. Para ello, analizamos en forma retrospectiva los 168 trasplantes hepáticos realizados en 159 pacientes adultos en el período mayo 2006 hasta mayo 2014, encontrando una incidencia de neoplasia de novo de 7.5% (n = 12). La edad media en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 63 ± 7 años. Las neoplasias más frecuentes fueron las de piel no melanoma y adenocarcinomas. El 50% de las neoplasias se desarrollaron en el segundo y tercer año postrasplante. El tipo de inmunosupresión no influyó en el tipo de tumor; sin embargo, debemos destacar que la mayor parte de los pacientes recibieron tacrolimus, micofenolato y/o corticoides. El tiempo medio de seguimiento tras el diagnóstico del tumor fue 25 ± 29 meses (0-76), y la tasa de mortalidad fue de un 41% (5/12 pacientes IC95%,15-72).La supervivencia global luego del trasplante a 1 y 5 años, calculada por análisis de Kaplan-Meier, fue de 83 y 55%, respectivamente. Los tumores de novo son frecuentes luego del trasplante hepático y presentan un patrón evolutivo diferente al de la población general. Teniendo en cuenta esta evolución más agresiva, es fundamental el seguimiento periódico en estos pacientes para realizar un diagnóstico lo más precoz posible.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical features of de novo tumors in patients undergoing liver transplantation in our center as well as to assess survival. We retrospectively analyzed 168 liver transplantations (159 patients) performed from May 2006 to May 2014. The incidence of de novo tumors was 7.5% (n = 12). The mean age at diagnosis was 63 ± 7 years. The most frequent neoplasms were non melanoma skin tumors and adenocarcinomas. Fifty percent of the tumors developed in the second and third year after transplantation. Type of immunosuppression did not influence tumoral type, although most patients receive tacrolimus in combination with mycofenolate and/or corticoids. The mean duration of follow-up after diagnosis of the tumor was 25 ± 29 months (range 0-76) and the mortality was 41%. The actuarial probability of survival at 1 and 5 years was 83 and 55%, respectively. De novo tumors are frequent after liver transplantation and their clinical course differs from that in the general population. Because their clinical course is more aggressive, regular follow up of these patients is essential for early diagnosis.

Tumores malignos de novo en el trasplante hepático experiencia de un centro en la Argentina

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar la incidencia y las características clínicas de los tumores aparecidos de novo en los pacientes sometidos a trasplante hepático, como así también su supervivencia. Para ello, analizamos en forma retrospectiva los 168 trasplantes hepáticos realizados en 159 pacientes adultos en el período mayo 2006 hasta mayo 2014, encontrando una incidencia de neoplasia de novo de 7.5% (n = 12). La edad media en el momento del diagnóstico fue de 63 ± 7 años. Las neoplasias más frecuentes fueron las de piel no melanoma y adenocarcinomas. El 50% de las neoplasias se desarrollaron en el segundo y tercer año postrasplante. El tipo de inmunosupresión no influyó en el tipo de tumor; sin embargo, debemos destacar que la mayor parte de los pacientes recibieron tacrolimus, micofenolato y/o corticoides. El tiempo medio de seguimiento tras el diagnóstico del tumor fue 25 ± 29 meses (0-76), y la tasa de mortalidad fue de un 41% (5/12 pacientes IC95%,15-72).La supervivencia global luego del trasplante a 1 y 5 años, calculada por análisis de Kaplan-Meier, fue de 83 y 55%, respectivamente. Los tumores de novo son frecuentes luego del trasplante hepático y presentan un patrón evolutivo diferente al de la población general. Teniendo en cuenta esta evolución más agresiva, es fundamental el seguimiento periódico en estos pacientes para realizar un diagnóstico lo más precoz posible.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical features of de novo tumors in patients undergoing liver transplantation in our center as well as to assess survival. We retrospectively analyzed 168 liver transplantations (159 patients) performed from May 2006 to May 2014. The incidence of de novo tumors was 7.5% (n = 12). The mean age at diagnosis was 63 ± 7 years. The most frequent neoplasms were non melanoma skin tumors and adenocarcinomas. Fifty percent of the tumors developed in the second and third year after transplantation. Type of immunosuppression did not influence tumoral type, although most patients receive tacrolimus in combination with mycofenolate and/or corticoids. The mean duration of follow-up after diagnosis of the tumor was 25 ± 29 months (range 0-76) and the mortality was 41%. The actuarial probability of survival at 1 and 5 years was 83 and 55%, respectively. De novo tumors are frequent after liver transplantation and their clinical course differs from that in the general population. Because their clinical course is more aggressive, regular follow up of these patients is essential for early diagnosis.(AU)

Tumores malignos de novo en el trasplante hepático. Experiencia de un centro en la Argentina. / [De novo malignant tumors following liver transplantation. A single-center experience in Argentina].

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence and clinical features of de novo tumors in patients undergoing liver transplantation in our center as well as to assess survival. We retrospectively analyzed 168 liver transplantations (159 patients) performed from May 2006 to May 2014. The incidence of de novo tumors was 7.5

(n = 12). The mean age at diagnosis was 63 ± 7 years. The most frequent neoplasms were non melanoma skin tumors and adenocarcinomas. Fifty percent of the tumors developed in the second and third year after transplantation. Type of immunosuppression did not influence tumoral type, although most patients receive tacrolimus in combination with mycofenolate and/or corticoids. The mean duration of follow-up after diagnosis of the tumor was 25 ± 29 months (range 0-76) and the mortality was 41

. The actuarial probability of survival at 1 and 5 years was 83 and 55

, respectively. De novo tumors are frequent after liver transplantation and their clinical course differs from that in the general population. Because their clinical course is more aggressive, regular follow up of these patients is essential for early diagnosis.

Macrófago y oxido nítrico en la tripanosomiasis americana / Macrophage and nitric oxide in american tripanosomiasis

La enfermedad de Chagas es la más grave enfermedad parasitaria de américa Latina y su impacto social y económico es mayor que el impacto combinado de otras enfermadades parasitarias incluida la malaria. Muchos individuos no se detectan en la fase aguda de la enfermedad y progresan a una fase crónica, en la que el paciente se encuentra discapasitado, siendo un porblema para la sociedad productiva. Los antecedentes de la enfermedad y el papel protagónico del macrófago durante su fase aguda, mediado por óxido nítrico (NO), así como el conocimiento de diversas cepas del parasito, ha postulado a esta célula y al NO como claves en la relación hospedero-parásito, al menos experimentalmente. Dada la complejidad de esta interacción, cualquier alteración en la cantidad o calidad de la producción de citoquinas que dirigen la acción del fagocito puede ser indicador del desarrollo de evasión por parte del parásito y de la evolución de la infección a la fase crónica de la enfermedad