Incidence patterns of childhood cancer in two tertiary hospitals in Ghana from 2015 to 2019: A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Accurate epidemiological data are vital in estimating the burden of disease in a country. Little is known about the incidence of childhood cancer in Ghana. This study describes the incidence patterns of cancer in children below 14 years and 11 months from 2015 to 2019 at the only two main pediatric cancer referral centers in Ghana: Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH). METHOD: Data on the incidence of cancer in children below 14 years and 11 months were collected retrospectively between 1st January 2015 and 31st December 2019 from patients' medical folders at KBTH and the cancer registry at the pediatric units of KATH. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. Incident rates expressed as age-specific rates (ASRs) per 100,000 person-years using population estimates for age groups and sex in each year, were determined by age groups (0-4, 5-9, 10-14 years and 11 months), sex, region of residence and cancer types based on the International Childhood Cancer Classification, third edition. RESULTS: The total ASR per 100,000 person-years from 2015 to 2019 was 9.36 based on 1073 cases observed. The ASR increased from 1.6 per 100,000 person-years in 2015-2.41 in 2017, thereafter decreasing to 1.45 in 2019. The ASR was higher in male children (2.10 per 100,000 person-years), children between 0 and 4 years (0.27 per 100,000 person-years), and children living in the Greater Accra region (4.17 per 100,000 person-years). The most prevalent cancers were lymphomas (2.17 per 100,000 person-years) and leukemia (1.88 per 100,000 person-years). CONCLUSION: The study provides baseline information on the incidence patterns of childhood cancer from 2015 to 2019, addressing a critical gap in childhood cancer epidemiology in Ghana.

Completeness of pharmaceutical industry insulin adverse event reports from Africa and the Middle East.

BACKGROUND: Growing numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus in Africa and the Middle East on antidiabetic therapies necessitate understanding adverse event reporting in these regions. We assessed pharmaceutical industry insulin individual case safety report (ICSR) completeness and completeness-associated variables. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The observational cross-sectional study, set in an insulin-manufacturing company's safety database, assessed vigiGrade® completeness scores of African and Middle Eastern post-marketing ICSRs from January to December 2018, and case variables effects on completeness. Low vigiGrade® scores indicated poorly documented ICSRs. RESULTS: We analyzed 4854 ICSRs; 59.8% from the Middle East. The mean vigiGrade® score was 0.58. Middle Eastern ICSRs had higher mean scores than African ICSRs (0.65 vs. 0.46, p<0.001). Scores peaked at 0.32, 0.70, and 1.00 for Middle Eastern ICSRs compared to 0.35 and 0.50 for African ICSRs. Middle Eastern serious (0.77 vs. 0.47; p<0.001) and solicited (0.70 vs. 0.48; p<0.001) ICSRs had higher mean scores than African ICSRs. Mean scores were highest for Middle Eastern physicians (0.89) and other healthcare professionals (0.82), whereas, in Africa, scores were highest for consumer- (0.47) and pharmacist-reported ICSRs (0.47) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Middle Eastern pharmaceutical industry insulin ICSRs were documented with greater detail than African ICSRs. Seriousness, report source, and reporter type significantly impacted ICSR completeness.

Prognostic values of modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular events in South African health promotion.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing at an alarming rate among the South African population. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of modifiable CVD risk factors for fatal and non-fatal events to inform cardiovascular health promotion practices in the South African public health system. METHODS: Data was collected from individuals participating in the South African leg of a multi-national prospective cohort study. Binary logistic regression was applied to estimate odds of total, non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular events. RESULTS: Binary logistic regression analyses identified age as a predictor of non-fatal and fatal CV events, with ORs of 1.87 to 3.21, respectively. Hypertension increased the odd of suffering a non-fatal CV event by almost two and a half (OR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.26, 4.85). Moreover, being physically active reduced the odd of non-fatal CVD events by 38% (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46, 0.83 for 1 Standard deviation increase of the weighted physical activity index score (WPA)). On the one hand, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) was associated with a higher fatal cardiovascular disease risk OR = 2.45 (95% CI = 1.36, 4.42) for a standard deviation increase. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated blood pressure, GGT, and physical activity have significant prognostic values for fatal or non-fatal CV events. These findings emphasise the importance of highlighting hypertension and physical activity when planning cardiovascular health education and intervention programmes for this population, with attention to the monitoring of GGT.

Lifestyle Influences Changes in Fibrin Clot Properties Over a 10-Year Period on a Population Level.

Case-control and observational studies have provided a plausible mechanistic link between clot structure and thrombosis. We aimed to identify lifestyle, demographic, biochemical, and genetic factors that influence changes in total fibrinogen concentration and clot properties over a 10-year period in 2,010 black South Africans. Clot properties were assessed with turbidimetry and included lag time, slope, maximum absorbance, and clot lysis time. Linear mixed models with restricted maximum likelihood were used to determine whether (1) outcome variables changed over the 10-year period; (2) demographic and lifestyle variables, biochemical variables, and fibrinogen single-nucleotide polymorphisms influenced the change in outcome variables over the 10-year period; and (3) there was an interaction between the exposures and time in predicting the outcomes. A procoagulant risk score was furthermore created, and multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the exposures that were associated with the different risk score categories. In this population setting, female gender, obesity, poor glycemic control, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contributed to the enhanced progression to prothrombotic clot properties with increasing age. Alcohol consumption on the other hand, offered a protective effect. The above evidence suggest that the appropriate lifestyle changes can improve fibrin clot properties on a population level, decreasing cardiovascular disease risk and thus alleviate the strain on the medical health care system.

Individual Case Safety Reports Analysis for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus on Insulin in Africa and the Middle East.

BACKGROUND: The growing numbers of patients with diabetes mellitus in Africa and the Middle East on antidiabetic therapies necessitate an understanding of adverse event (AE) reporting in these regions. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to provide an AE reporting overview in patients using insulin in Africa and the Middle East by characterizing and comparing individual case safety reports (ICSRs) features. METHODS: The cross-sectional study analyzed ICSR data from a global pharmaceutical company's pharmacovigilance database for January to December 2018 to describe and compare patient demographics, report sources, reporter types, ICSR seriousness, suspect products, indication for insulin use and AE preferred terms, by country. RESULTS: Overall 7076 ICSRs were analyzed, 63.6% from the Middle East. Most ICSRs were nonserious (91.5%), from solicited sources (83.5%), and reported by consumers (70.7%). Patients from the Middle East were, on average, 34.2 years of age, had gestational diabetes mellitus as indication (64.3%), insulin detemir as suspect product (76.5%), and exposure during pregnancy as AE preferred term (89.1%). Patients from Africa were 48.1 years old on average, a higher proportion of type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed (52.2%), human insulin was the suspect product (51.6%), and blood glucose increased the AE preferred term (23.1%). Few macrovascular and microvascular complications were reported (< 1% in both regions). Associations between the region and patient age, gender, report sources, reporter types, indications for insulin use, suspect products, and AE preferred term were significant (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: ICSRs features were region-specific and dependent on patient age, gender, report sources, reporter types, suspect products, and AE preferred terms.

The association between serum vitamin D and body composition in South African HIV-infected women.

BACKGROUND: HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) alter vitamin D metabolism, and may be associated with bone loss. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and body composition in postmenopausal South African women living with HIV and on ART. METHOD: In this 2-year longitudinal study on 120 women conducted in the North West province of South Africa, serum 25(OH)D concentration, bone mineral density (BMD) at three sites, lean mass and percentage of body fat (%BF) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Multivariable linear mixed models were used to assess the association between serum 25(OH)D and body composition over 2 years. Linear mixed models were also used to determine the longitudinal association between lean mass, %BF and BMD. RESULTS: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency increased from baseline (10.2% and 19.5%) to 11.5% and 37.5%, respectively, after 2 years. Serum 25(OH)D decreased significantly, however, with a small effect size of 0.39 (P = 0.001), whilst total BMD (effect size 0.03, P = 0.02) and left hip femoral neck (FN) BMD (effect size 0.06, P = 0.0001) had significant small increases, whereas total spine BMD did not change over the 2 years. Serum 25(OH)D had no association with any BMD outcomes. Lean mass had a stronger positive association with total spine and left FN BMD than %BF. CONCLUSION: Serum 25(OH)D was not associated with any BMD outcomes. Maintenance of lean mass could be important in preventing bone loss in this vulnerable group; however, longer follow-up may be necessary to confirm the association.

A Priori and a Posteriori Dietary Patterns among Pregnant Women in Johannesburg, South Africa: The NuPED Study.

Dietary pattern analyses allow assessment of the diet as a whole. Limited studies include both a priori and a posteriori dietary pattern analyses. This study aimed to explore the diet of pregnant women in urban South Africa through both a priori and a posteriori dietary pattern analyses and associated maternal and household factors. Dietary data were collected during early pregnancy using a quantified food frequency questionnaire from 250 pregnant women enrolled in the Nutrition During Pregnancy and Early Development (NuPED) cohort. A priori dietary patterns were determined using the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), and a posteriori nutrient patterns using exploratory factor analysis. Based on the DQI-I, the study population followed a borderline low-quality diet. Three a posteriori nutrient patterns were identified: Pattern 1 "plant protein, iron, thiamine, and folic acid"; pattern 2 "animal protein, copper, vitamin A, and vitamin B12"; pattern 3 "fatty acids and sodium". Pattern 1 was associated with higher dietary quality (p < 0.001), lower maternal educational level (p = 0.03) and socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). Pattern 3 was significantly associated with lower dietary quality. The low dietary quality among pregnant women residing in urban South Africa should be addressed to ensure optimal maternal and offspring health outcomes.

Changes in the incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the South African medical schemes environment: 2005-2015.

BACKGROUND: The South African (SA) private medical schemes environment has over the past two decades respond to the evolving needs of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in the incidence and prevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS in the SA private medical schemes environment from 2005 to 2015. METHOD: In this observational study, a single, pharmaceutical benefit management (PBM) company's medicine-claims database of members with HIV or AIDS has been retrospectively analysed from January 2005 to December 2015. The cohort includes all patients identified by the HIV or AIDS-related diagnostic ICD-10 codes, B20-B24, who also claimed antiretroviral medication during that period. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2015, the proportion of HIV or AIDS patients enrolled in the PBM-company increased from 0.63% to 2.10%, and the incidence rate of new cases among the beneficiaries increased 2.3 times. The highest HIV or AIDS prevalence and incidence rates were found in the age group ≥ 40 and < 60 years, followed by the age group ≥ 60 and < 70 years. The highest prevalence rates in 2015 were recorded in Gauteng, namely, 422.4/1000 beneficiaries, followed by Western Cape (149.4/1000), and KwaZulu-Natal (118.4/1000). CONCLUSION: There has been an increase in the number of SA-PLWH accessing treatment in the medical scheme environment. The high prevalence of HIV infection among older members should signal concern that HIV-related comorbid conditions are likely to become a growing component of care required by PLWH utilizing the SA private healthcare sector.

The association between anthropometric measures and physical performance in black adults of the North West Province, South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated associations between anthropometric measures and physical performance in black South African adults. It was hypothesized that noninvasive, simple anthropometric measurements, such as calf circumference (CC) and body mass index (BMI), may be useful predictors of physical performance and strength. METHODS: Black human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative men and women (aged 32-93 years) participating in the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study were enrolled at baseline in 2005 = 1428). Men and women's anthropometry, socio-demographics and physical activity (PA) were assessed at baseline, 5- and 10-year follow-up. Physical performance (walk speed, chair stand and handgrip strength [HGS]) were assessed at 10-year follow-up. Linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the association between anthropometric measures and physical performance. RESULTS: The combined overweight and obesity prevalence among both men (P = .02) and women (P < .001) increased significantly over 10 years, with significant increases over time in BMI and CC in the women, whereas PA decreased significantly over time in both men and women (P < .0001). BMI and CC were positively associated with HGS in the men (P = .02, P < .0001) and women (P < .0001), while CC was positively associated with walk speed in men only (P = .006) in the cross-sectional analysis of 2015 measurements. CONCLUSION: BMI and CC in both men and women were positively associated with HGS, but CC was associated with walk speed in the men only. Our study suggests that CC may be a useful predictor of physical performance in black men and to a limited extent in black women.

Prediction of 24-hour sodium excretion from spot urine samples in South African adults: a comparison of four equations.

Repeated 24-hour urine collection is considered to be the gold standard for assessing salt intake. This is often impractical in large-population studies, especially in low-middle-income countries. Equations to estimate 24-hour urinary salt excretion from a spot urine sample have been developed, but have not been widely validated in African populations. This study aimed to systematically assess the validity of four existing equations to predict 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24UNa) from spot urine samples in a nationally representative sample of South Africans. Spot and 24-hour urine samples were collected in a subsample (n = 438) of participants from the World Health Organisation Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 in South Africa in 2015. Measured 24UNa values were compared with predicted 24UNa values from the Kawasaki, Tanaka, INTERSALT and Mage equations using Bland-Altman plots. In this subsample (mean age 52.8 ± 16.4 years; body mass index 30.2 ± 8.2 kg/m2; 76% female; 73% black African; 42% hypertensive), all four equations produced a significantly different population estimate compared with the measured median value of 6.7 g salt/day (IQR 4.4-10.5). Although INTERSALT underestimated salt intake (-3.77 g/d; -1.64 to -7.09), the other equations overestimated by 1.28 g/d (-3.52; 1.97), 6.24 g/d (2.22; 9.45), and 17.18 g/d (8.42; 31.96) for Tanaka, Kawasaki, and Mage, respectively. Bland-Altman curves indicated unacceptably wide levels of agreement. Use of these equations to estimate population level salt intake from spot urine samples in South Africans is not recommended.

Assessment of post-operative pain medication adherence after day case orthopaedic surgery: A prospective, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Patients struggle to adhere to prescribed pain medication after surgery because of, inter alia, side effects, sleep disturbances and pain severity. This study aimed to determine the influence of various factors on, the extent of adherence to prescribed post-operative pain medication (POPM) measured by participant-reported pill count (PRPC) following day case orthopaedic surgery at a private South African hospital. METHODS: This prospective, quantitative cross-sectional study involving 120 participants (51 males, 69 females), used a structured questionnaire completed through a telephonic survey, 4 days after orthopaedic surgery. Measurements included PRPC adherence (adherent vs. non-adherent), in relation to post-operative adherence behaviour (POAB), normal medicine adherence behaviour (NMAB), pain severity affecting sleep and mobility, treatment side effects and patient demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Based on PRPC measurement 56.7% (n = 68) of participants were adherent. PRPC was significantly associated with severe pain affecting falling sleep (p = .001), pain causing awakening from sleep (p = .035) and POAB (p < .001, Cramér's V = 0.5). PRPC adherence was independent from gender (p = .140), age (p = .822), smoking status (p = 1.000), type and event of side effects (p > .300), NMAB (p = .601) and the treatment regimen (i.e. unimodal vs. bimodal or multimodal) (p = .511). CONCLUSION: Non-adherence (overuse or misuse) of prescribed POPM can be a result of severe pain, influencing sleep and movement after orthopaedic surgery, indicating a need for the review of these regimens in order to optimise care.

Time-to-onset of treatment for hypertension and hyperlipidaemia in South African diabetes mellitus patients: A survival analysis using medicine claims data.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia have high prevalence among diabetics and increase patients' risk of cardiovascular diseases, ultimately affecting prognosis negatively. Medicine claims data have gained prominence in the study of drug-related events and outcomes. There is paucity of publications on the time-to-onset of treatment for these conditions among South African diabetics using secondary data. This study aims to determine the time-to-onset of treatment for hypertension and hyperlipidaemia among diabetics using a South African medicine claims data. METHODS: Survival analysis was conducted using retrospective data of patients enrolled continuously with a Pharmaceutical Benefit Management (PBM) company in South Africa from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2016. We identified patients based on International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) diagnoses codes for type 2 diabetes mellitus (E11) who were receiving antidiabetic medication according to the National Pharmaceutical Product Index (NAPPI) codes provided by the Monthly Index of Medical Specialities (MIMS) classification code 19.1 (N = 2996). Among these patients, we then selected those who had ICD-10 codes for hypertension (I10, I11, I12, I13, I15, O10 and O11) who were receiving antihypertensive medications, and those who had hyperlipidaemia (E78.5), who received antihyperlipidaemics during the study period. Data were extracted using SAS® system version 9.4 classification codes. The Kaplan-Meier approach, used to compare the survival experience of patients who commenced treatment for hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, was conducted using IBM® SPSS® version 25. The time to the commencement of treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia among the diabetics were measured in days. With 2008 serving as the index year, we followed up on patients until 31 December 2016. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 494 patients with an average age of 53.5 (SD 11.1) years were included in the study, 34.8% of whom were females. Prevalence of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension among patients were 35.0% and 45.6%, respectively. Average time-to-onset of treatment for hyperlipidaemia was 2684.4 (SD 42.2) days compared to 2434.2 (SD 47.6) days for hypertension. There was no statistically significant difference in age and sex among patients who started treatment for either of these conditions during the study (P = 0.404; Cohen's d = 0.132 for hyperlipidaemia and P = 0.644, Cohen's d = 0.059 for hypertension). WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: Within an average of 6 years after an index period of 1 year free of disease, diabetics may commence treatment for hyperlipidaemia, hypertension or both. With all significant data appropriately captured, medicine claims data can be effectively used in survival analysis to determine time-to-onset of treatment for hyperlipidaemia and hypertension among diabetics.

Longitudinal changes of cardiac troponin and inflammation reflect progressive myocyte stretch and likelihood for hypertension in a Black male cohort: The SABPA study.

Inflammation was cross-sectionally associated with subclinical wall remodeling and hypertension. Whether longitudinal changes (∆) in inflammation, myocyte injury (troponin T), and stretch (N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) are associated with hypertension and ECG left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH) is unclear. The first prospective analysis in Africa assessing these associations included a cohort of Black and White teachers (N = 338; aged 20-63 years). Fasting blood samples were obtained to measure tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Ambulatory blood pressure, 2-lead ECG and resting 10-lead ECG values were obtained. A higher mean hypertensive status (62%) was evident in Blacks compared to Whites (44%, p < 0.001). Over 3-years, NT-proBNP increased in both ethnic groups. No associations were evident in women or in White men. In Black men, ECG-LVH at follow-up was positively associated with baseline cTnT (Adj R2 0.43; ß = 0.48; 95% CI 0.28-0.68, p < 0.001) and baseline SBP (Adj R2 0.43; ß = 0.29; 95% CI 0.09-0.49, p = 0.006). In Black men, baseline TNF-α (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.05-2.14, p = 0.03) and decreased ΔTNF-α (OR = 2.07, 95% CI 1.26-3.40, p = 0.004) increased the likelihood for cTnT levels ≥ 4.2 ng/L. Here, baseline NT-proBNP (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.23, p = 0.03) and ΔNT-proBNP progression (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.81, p = 0.04) increased the likelihood for 24-h hypertension. In conclusion, chronically increased levels of markers of myocyte injury accompanied by progressive myocardial stretch, reflective of cardiac metabolic overdemand, may ultimately increase hypertension and ischemic heart disease risk in a cohort of Black males.

Acute changes in haematocrit leading to polycythaemia in late-onset hypogonadism patients that receive testosterone replacement therapy: a South African study

Background: According to the literature, parenteral testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)-induced polycythaemia is associated with cardiovascular events. No or minimal data exist for the prevalence of TRT-induced polycythaemia in late- onset hypogonadism (LOH) patients from South Africa. Polycythaemia is the side effect most frequently associated with parental TRT formulations. Design: This was a quantitative, observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Setting: The study setting was a private practice male clinic in Emalahleni. Subject: An all-inclusive sampling method was used. Outcome measures:The main outcome measure for polycythaemia was haematocrit (Hct). An Hct percentage of > 50% at month 3 (post-treatment initiation) constituted a positive diagnosis for polycythaemia. For the rise in total testosterone (TT) and Hct, the variance was used as documented between pre- and post-treatment initiation. Results:The prevalence of polycythaemia was 34%. A statistically significant increase in both TT and Hct was observed. The Cohen'sdeffect size was 0.68 and 0.73, respectively, for TT and Hct. Conclusion: Depot-testosterone undecanoate parenteral formulation induces polycythaemia in LOH patients, where the rise in TT demonstrates the effectiveness of therapy

C679X loss-of-function PCSK9 variant lowers fasting glucose levels in a black South African population: A longitudinal study.

AIMS: To determine the longitudinal association of the loss-of-function (LOF) PCSK9 variants (C679X and A443T), proxies of PCSK9 inhibitor drugs, with LDL-C, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. METHODS: We conducted a five year, longitudinal study, nested within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study, among 737 apparently healthy, male and female black South Africans of the North West province. Genotyping of the C679X and A443T PCSK9 variants was achieved using Taqman assays from Applied Biosystems. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine longitudinal association of the A443T and C679X PCSK9 variants with LDL-C, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. RESULTS: C679X and A443T variant carriers were associated with significant reductions in LDL-C of -0.98(-1.29, -0.67) mmol/L; p < 0.001) and -0.39(-0.57, -0.20) mmol/L; p < 0.001) respectively, compared to the non-carriers. Only C679X variant was independently associated with reductions in fasting glucose of -0.37 (-0.61, -0.13) mmol/L; p = 0.002) compared to non-carriers. However, the association of the selected variants with glycated hemoglobin were not significant. C679X and A443T carriers were associated with -0.07 (-0.23, 0.09) %; p = 0.400), 0.05 (-0.13, 0.22) %; p = 0.599) of glycated haemoglobin respectively. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that carriers of A443T and C679X variants exhibit sustained low LDL-C levels over 5 years and have varied effects on T2D biomarkers compared to non-carriers.

Hypertriglyceridaemia and the risk of pancreatitis six months post lopinavir/ritonavir initiation.

BACKGROUND: Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is an important risk factor for pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), depending on severity. Hypertriglyceridaemia is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and is also a common complication of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk of pancreatitis associated with HTG in patients six months post initiation of LPV/r-based therapy in a regional public hospital. METHODS: Triglyceride (TG), serum amylase (s-amylase) and CD4+ count values were retrospectively investigated six months post LPV/r-based initiation. Age, gender, previous antiretroviral regimen and period since HIV diagnosis were also recorded. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 194 patients, 50 males and 144 females; mean (± standard deviation [s.d.]) age was 39.52 (± 9.98) years, and the mean (± s.d.) period since HIV diagnosis was 91.32 (± 25.18) months. Normal TG levels (< 1.70 mmol/L) were detected in only 55% of patients and the rest presented with some degree of HTG. The mean (± s.d.) TG for the entire sample was elevated at 1.94 (± 1.30) mmol/L with the mean (± s.d.) of the males at 2.36 (± 1.74) - statistically higher compared to the females at 1.79 (± 1.08) mmol/L (p = 0.034). No cases of pancreatitis were recorded and the time since HIV diagnosis did not indicate any statistically significant differences in the means of the TG, serum amylase or CD4 count values. CONCLUSION: Triglyceride levels were not substantially elevated to induce pancreatitis at six months post initiation of LPV/r, but were elevated above the accepted upper normal limit of 1.70 mmol/L which may have implications for cardiovascular risk.

Chronic depression symptoms desensitize renin activity to protect against volume-loading hypertension in Blacks: The SABPA study.

BACKGROUND: Low-renin levels in Blacks have been associated with volume-loading hypertension (HT). Depression symptoms, frequently co-occurring with vascular dysregulation, might reflect a disturbed renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS). We aimed to assess prospective changes (∆) in depression symptoms, RAAS (renin, aldosterone), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a bi-ethnic sex cohort. METHODS: We included 195 Black and White teachers (43.7 ±â€¯9 years) from a South African 3-year prospective study. Hypertension medication users, diabetics and human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals were excluded. Depression symptoms (Patient-Health-Questionnaire-9/PHQ-9), 24 h blood pressure measurements and fasting blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: Blacks had lower renin but higher DBP and eGFR levels at baseline (p ≤ .01) when compared to Whites. Blacks and Whites with depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) at baseline developed co-morbidity for having both depression plus DBP-HT at follow-up (Blacks, 49.1%; Whites, 13.1%). At 3-year follow-up, chronic depression symptoms were related to chronic lower renin in Blacks [Adjusted R2 0.20; ß -0.37 (-0.66, -0.08), p = .02]. Chronic depression symptoms also predicted DBP hypertension in Blacks [ROC AUC = 0.61 (0.48-0.75); sensitivity/specificity 78.1/46.3%]. No prospective associations existed between depression symptoms, aldosterone and eGFR. CONCLUSION: Chronic depression symptoms in Blacks activated the RAAS system activity with apparent desensitization of renin activity. Chronic depression could be causal to hypertension and in turn, lowers renin activity as a protective mechanism against volume-loading. These findings emphasize the potential impact of depression on the low renin-hypertension phenotype in Blacks in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

Iodine Status Assessment in South African Adults According to Spot Urinary Iodine Concentrations, Prediction Equations, and Measured 24-h Iodine Excretion.

The iodine status of populations is conventionally assessed using spot urinary samples to obtain a median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) value, which is assessed against standard reference cut-offs. The assumption that spot UIC reflects daily iodine intake may be flawed because of high day-to-day variability and variable urinary volume outputs. This study aimed to compare iodine status in a sample of South African adults when determined by different approaches using a spot urine sample (median UIC (MUIC), predicted 24 h urinary iodine excretion (PrUIE) using different prediction equations) against measured 24 h urinary iodine excretion (mUIE). Both 24 h and spot urine samples were collected in a subsample of participants (n = 457; median age 55 year; range 18⁻90 year) in the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave 2 in South Africa, in 2015. Kawasaki, Tanaka, and Mage equations were applied to assess PrUIE from predicted urinary creatinine (PrCr) and spot UIC values. Adequacy of iodine intake was assessed by comparing PrUIE and mUIE to the Estimated Average Requirement of 95 µg/day, while the MUIC cut-off was.

How will South Africa's mandatory salt reduction policy affect its salt iodisation programme? A cross-sectional analysis from the WHO-SAGE Wave 2 Salt & Tobacco study.

OBJECTIVE: The WHO's global targets for non-communicable disease reduction recommend consumption of<5 g salt/day. In 2016, South Africa was the first country to legislate maximum salt levels in processed foods. South Africa's salt iodisation fortification programme has successfully addressed iodine deficiency but information is dated. Simultaneous monitoring of sodium reduction and iodine status is required to ensure compatibility of the two public health interventions. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A nested cohort design within WHO's 2015 Study on global AGEing and adult health (n=2887) including individuals from households across South Africa. Randomly selected adults (n=875) provided 24-hour and spot urine samples for sodium and iodine concentration analysis (the primary and secondary outcome measures, respectively). Median 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and spot urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) were compared by salt intakes of <5g/day, 5-9g/dayand >9 g/day. RESULTS: Median daily sodium excretion was equivalent to 6.3 g salt/day (range 1-43 g/day); 35% had urinary sodium excretion values within the desirable range (<5 g salt/day), 37% had high values (5-9 g salt/day) and 28% had very high values (>9 g salt/day). Median UIC was 130 µg/L (IQR=58-202), indicating population iodine sufficiency (≥100 µg/L). Both UIC and UIE differed across salt intake categories (p<0.001) and were positively correlated with estimated salt intake (r=0.166 and 0.552, respectively; both p<0.001). Participants with salt intakes of <5 g/day were not meeting the Estimated Average Requirement for iodine intake (95 µg/day). CONCLUSIONS: In a nationally representative sample of South African adults, the association between indicators of population iodine status (UIC and UIE) and salt intake, estimated using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, indicate that low salt intakes may compromise adequacy of iodine intakes in a country with mandatory iodisation of table salt. The iodine status of populations undergoing salt reduction strategies needs to be closely monitored to prevent re-emergence of iodine deficiency.

Defensive coping facilitated a smaller cortisol-to-estradiol ratio and a higher hypertension risk: the SABPA study.

OBJECTIVES: Taxing psychosocial stress and defensive coping have been associated with hypoactivity in cortisol, a vasoconstrictive agent. Estradiol has vasodilatory properties with cardio- and neuroprotective effects. It can however also induce α1-adrenergic vasoconstrictive responsiveness. We aimed to determine whether the cortisol-to-estradiol ratio (Cort:E2) may augment α1-adrenergic responsiveness and hypertension risk when habitually using defensive coping. METHODS: African (n = 168) and Caucasian (n = 207) men and women (46 ± 9 years) were included. Preferential use of defensive coping was determined from Coping Strategy Indicator questionnaire scores. 24h Ambulatory blood pressure was obtained. Fasting serum estradiol and cortisol samples were collected before 09h00 and Cort:E2 was calculated. RESULTS: Estradiol was higher in ethnic-coping groups. Smaller Cort:E2, higher estradiol levels, self-reported emotional stress (19.05% vs. 9.66%) and 24h blood pressure reaching hypertensive status (65% vs. 24%) were evident in African compared to Caucasian men (p ≤ .05). A smaller Cort:E2 was associated with augmented 24h SBP and 24h DBP in African men [Adj R2 0.21-0.29 (p ≤ .05)], and especially when utilizing defensive coping [Adj R2 0.34-0.38 (p ≤ .001)]. CONCLUSIONS: A smaller Cort:E2 was associated with raised blood pressure in defensive coping African men. Defensive coping, possibly via highly activated α1-adrenergic vasoconstrictive responses, may facilitate neuro-endocrine dysfunction and hypertension in African men.