Fat-free mass predictive equation using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance data in adolescent soccer athletes: development and cross-validation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop and cross-validate a fat-free mass (FFM) predictive equation using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data in adolescent soccer athletes. METHODS: Male adolescent soccer athletes (n = 149; 13-19 y old) were randomly sorted using Excel and independently selected for development group (n = 100) or cross-validation group (n = 49). The FFM reference values were determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Single-frequency BIA was used to plot tolerance ellipses. Multifrequency-BIA raw data were used as independent variables in regression models. Student's independent t-test was used to compare development and cross-validation groups. Stepwise multiple regression was used to develop the FFM predictive equation. Bland-Altman plots, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, according to McBride criteria, precision, accuracy, and standard error of estimate (SEE) were calculated to evaluate the concordance and reliability of estimates. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis was plotted to assess hydration status. RESULTS: No differences (P > 0.05) were observed between development and validation groups in chronological age, anthropometric data, bioelectrical impedance data, and FFM values obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis tolerance showed that all participants presented adequate hydration status compared to the reference population. The new FFM predictive equation developed and validated: FFM (kg) = -7.064 + 0.592 × chronological age (y) + 0.554 × weight (kg) + 0.365 × height²/resistance (cm²/Ω), presented R² = 0.95; SEE = 1.76 kg; concordance correlation coefficient = 0.95, accuracy = 0.98, and strength of concordance = 0.99. CONCLUSIONS: The present study developed and cross-validated an FFM predictive equation based on multifrequency bioelectrical data providing substantial FFM accuracy for male adolescent soccer athletes.

Fat-free mass predictive equation using bioelectrical impedance and maturity offset in adolescent athletes: Development and cross-validation.

OBJECTIVES: This is a cross-sectional study, aimed to develop and cross-validate a fat-free mass (FFM) predictive equation using single-frequency bioelectrical impedance (BIA), considering the predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) as a variable. Additionally, the study aims to test the FFM-BIA obtained using a previous predictive equation that used skeletal maturity as a variable. METHOD: The participants (n = 169 male adolescent athletes) were randomly divided into two groups: development of a new predictive equation (n = 113), and cross-validation (n = 56). The concordance test between the FFM values obtained by Koury et al. predictive equation and DXA data was determined (n = 169). Bioelectrical data was obtained using a single-frequency analyzer. RESULTS: Among the models tested, the new predictive equation has resistance index (height2/resistance) and predictive age at PHV as variables and presented R2 = 0.918. The frequency of maturity status using skeletal maturity and PHV diagnosis was inadequate (Kappa = 0.4257; 95%CI = 0.298-0.553). Bland-Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficient showed substantial concordance between the FFM-DXA values (48.8 ± 11.2 kg) and the new predictive equation (CCC = 0.960). The results showed that the new equation performed better than the equation developed by Koury et al. (CCC = 0.901). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that it is feasible to predict FFM in male adolescent athletes using predictive age at PHV, with moderate concordance. The calculation of FFM using more economical and less complex variables is viable and should be further explored.

Is body image perception and (dis)satisfaction associated with anthropometric profile of older women attending a senior community center?

The study aimed to assess the association between body image perception and (dis)satisfaction and the anthropometric profile of older women. Data from 60 women attending a senior community center were analyzed. Body image perception and (dis)satisfaction were considered dependent variables and were assessed using a silhouette scale constructed for the Brazilian population. The independent variables were body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and calf circumference (CC). The associations were performed by logistic and linear regression models. Half of the participants overestimated their body size and 61.7% were dissatisfied due to excess weight. Overweight older women had 3.6 times higher odds to overestimate body size and 14.4 higher odds to be dissatisfied due to excess weight compared to normal-weight women. The increase in BM, BMI, WC, and CC raised mean difference between perceived and desired BMI and the odds of dissatisfaction due to excess weight. The anthropometric profile was more important to explain (dis)satisfaction than body size perception. The stimulus to changes that provide the adequacy of the anthropometric profile may reduce dissatisfaction due to excess weight among older women.

Tendência da ingestão de frutas e hortaliças por acadêmicas do curso de graduação em nutrição de uma universidade pública nos anos de 1999, 2004 e 2009 / Trends in fruits and vegetables consumption by academic undergraduate nutrition students of a public university in 1999, 2004, 2009

Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de frutas e hortaliças de acadêmicas do curso de graduação em Nutrição de uma universidade pública ao longo dos anos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 161 acadêmicas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de registros alimentares, de dois dias da semana e um dia de fim de semana nos anos 1999, 2004 e 2009. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças foi avaliado em gramatura. Resultados: Houve consumo significativamente menor de hortaliças nos fins de semana (30g; 35g; 44g) quando comparado aos dias de semana (49g; 49g; 75g) em todos os anos, porém não houve diferença significativa do consumo de frutas e hortaliças e no consumo dos 3 dias de registro ao longo do tempo. A prevalência de inadequação foi elevada em todos os anos, variando de 66% a 81,5%. O percentual do consumo médio de frutas nos dias de semana (78,5%; 76,8%; 73,1%) foi mais que o dobro do de hortaliças (21,5%; 23,2%; 26,8%) em 1999, 2004 e 2009, assim como nos fins de semana (82,9%; 79,4%; 81,5%) (17,1%; 20,6%; 18,5%), respectivamente. Conclusão: Faz-se necessário implementar intervenção dietética para aumentar o consumo de frutas e hortaliças em universitárias. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate fruits and vegetables consumption by undergraduate Nutrition students of a public university, over the years. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study with 161 academic students. Data were collected through food records of two weekdays and one weekend day, from the years of 1999, 2004 and 2009. Fruits and vegetables consumption were evaluated in terms of weight. Results: There was significantly less vegetables consumption on weekends (30g; 35g; 44g) when compared to weekdays (49g; 49g; 75g) in all years, but there was no significant difference in fruits and vegetables consumption and in the consumption of the 3 days of registration over time. The prevalence of inadequacy was high in all years, ranging from 66% to 81.5%. The percentage of fruit mean consumption on weekdays (78.5%; 76.8%; 73.1%) was more than twice that of vegetables (21.5%; 23.2%; 26.8% ) in 1999, 2004 and 2009, as well as on weekends (82.9%; 79.4%; 81.5%) (17.1%; 20.6%; 18.5%), respectively. Conclusion: It is necessary to implement dietary intervention to increase fruits and vegetables consumption of university students. (AU)

Association of body image (dis)satisfaction and perception with food consumption according to the NOVA classification: Pró-Saúde Study.

The literature on body image and food consumption has generally focused on isolated food items, while overlooking the growing role of ultra-processed foods in the overall diet. The objective of this study was to assess the association of body image (dis)satisfaction and perception with food consumption, according to the NOVA classification, which takes into account the extent and purpose of industrial food processing. A silhouette scale developed considering the Brazilian adults' Body Mass Index was used to assess body image (dis)satisfaction and perception. Food consumption was evaluated using a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and its items were categorized into three groups: unprocessed or minimally-processed foods and culinary preparations; processed foods; ultra-processed foods. The association was assessed using linear regression models. A total of 514 of Brazilian university employees were evaluated. Women dissatisfied due to excess weight consumed less unprocessed or minimally-processed foods and culinary preparations (-6.6, 95% CI: -10.7; -2.5) and more ultra-processed foods (3.7, 95% CI: 0.1; 7.2) compared to satisfied. Women that overestimated their body size consumed less unprocessed or minimally-processed food and culinary preparations (-4.2, 95% CI: -7.3; -1.1), compared to those who had not distorted body image. Food consumption appears to be more strongly associated with body image (dis)satisfaction than with perception. An association was established between body image dissatisfaction and unhealthy eating habits. This relation deserves public health attention since it may contribute to the development of chronic diseases and reduce the quality of life and body image assessment could be adopted by nutritionists and other health professionals in their practice.

Body composition and Basal metabolic rate in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine which of the seven selected equations used to predict basal metabolic rate most accurately estimated the measured basal metabolic rate. Methods. Twenty-eight adult women with type 2 diabetes mellitus participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric and biochemical variables were measured as well as body composition (by absorptiometry dual X-ray emission) and basal metabolic rate (by indirect calorimetry); basal metabolic rate was also estimated by prediction equations. Results. There was a significant difference between the measured and the estimated basal metabolic rate determined by the FAO/WHO/UNU (P value < 0.021) and Huang et al. (P value ≤ 0.005) equations. Conclusion. The calculations using Owen et al's. equation were the closest to the measured basal metabolic rate.

Prevention of eating disorders in female athletes.

Eating disorders are serious mental diseases that frequently appear in female athletes. They are abnormal eating behaviors that can be diagnosed only by strict criteria. Disordered eating, although also characterized as abnormal eating behavior, does not include all the criteria for diagnosing eating disorders and is therefore a way to recognize the problem in its early stages. It is important to identify factors to avoid clinical progression in this high-risk population. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss critical information for the prevention of eating disorders in female athletes. This review discusses the major correlates for the development of an eating disorder. We also discuss which athletes are possibly at highest risk for eating disorders, including those from lean sports and female adolescent athletes. There is an urgent need for the demystification of myths surrounding body weight and performance in sports. This review includes studies that tested different prevention programs' effectiveness, and the majority showed positive results. Educational programs are the best method for primary prevention of eating disorders. For secondary prevention, early identification is essential and should be performed by preparticipation exams, the recognition of dietary markers, and the use of validated self-report questionnaires or clinical interviews. In addition, more randomized clinical trials are needed with athletes from multiple sports in order for the most reliable recommendations to be made and for some sporting regulations to be changed.

The prevalence of disordered eating and possible health consequences in adolescent female tennis players from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of disordered eating and possible health consequences in adolescent female tennis players. This cross-sectional controlled study investigated the pubertal development (Tanner stages); body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-DXA); dietary intake (food record); presence of disordered eating (EAT-26, BITE and BSQ); menstrual status (questionnaire) and bone mineral density (DXA). The Female Athlete Triad (FAT) was divided into two severity stages. The study included 45 adolescents (24 athletes and 21 controls) at some pubertal developmental stage. The athletes exhibited better body composition profiles. We found that 91.7%, 33.3% and 25% of athletes and 71.4%, 9.5% and 33.3% of controls met criteria for disordered eating and/or low energy availability, menstrual irregularities and low bone mass, respectively. A greater percentage of athletes than controls presented with 1 and 2 FAT components (stage I), and 4.2% presented with the full syndrome. In conclusion, tennis players appear to present with more severe disorders than controls and should be monitored to avoid damage to their performance and health.

Are female athletes at increased risk for disordered eating and its complications?

The purpose of the study was to make a systematic review and describe and confront recent studies that compare the presence of disordered eating and its complications in young female athletes and controls subjects - PubMed, Scielo, Medline, ScienceDirect, WILEY InterScience, Lilacs and Cochrane were the databases used for this review. Out of 169 studies 22 were selected and 11,000 women from 68 sports were studied. The short version of the EAT was the most common instrument used to track disordered eating. Results showed that 55% found no significant difference in the percentage of disordered eating between athletes and controls. Also a higher percentage of studies reported higher frequency of menstrual dysfunction in athletes than controls and finally 50% of the studies found incidence of low bone mass in controls. Not all the studies that investigated all the conditions in the triad, but the authors concluded that it seemed that athletes were in more severe stage of this disorder. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies, a definitive conclusion about the groups and at highest risk for disordered eating and its complications remains to be elucidated.

Validação de um questionário de atitude em relação à soja e seus derivados com clientes da alimentação coletiva / Validation of a questionnaire to assess food service customer's attitude towards soybeans and its products

OBJETIVO: Validar um questionário para verificar a atitude de clientes da Alimentação Coletiva em relação à soja e seus derivados. MÉTODOS: A elaboração do questionário valeu-se de escala de Likert de cinco pontos. As validações foram realizadas com clientes de duas unidades de alimentação e nutrição, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo a primeira uma empresa gráfica e a segunda uma empresa de confecções. A validação interna valeu-se do coeficiente de Cronbach para medir confiabilidade. Aplicou-se o teste de normalidade às matrizes de escores para cada item. A constatação do comportamento dos escores não Gausiano indicou utilização da correlação de Spearman (r) para discriminar itens. Como critério de exclusão foi definido r negativo ou próximo de zero. A validação externa foi realizada entre o confronto das matrizes representadas pelas médias dos escores de cada item. Utilizou-se a razão dos desvios-padrão para avaliar a concordância relativa, considerando-se a associação entre as matrizes resultantes da aplicação do questionário nas duas unidades de alimentação e nutrição. RESULTADOS: Participaram da validação 45 e 90 clientes das duas unidades de alimentação e nutrição, respectivamente. O procedimento aplicado na unidade de alimentação e nutrição da empresa gráfica indicou a retirada de 3 itens dentre os 20 itens originais. O questionário resultante foi replicado na unidade de alimentação e nutrição da empresa de confecção, sem indicação de exclusão de itens. O coeficiente de Cronbach foi 0,92 e 0,91, respectivamente, indicando confiabilidade do instrumento para medir atitude. O confronto entre os escores para cada item entre as unidades gerou a razão de desvio 0,99, que recomenda retirada do item seis, relativo à rotulagem, ou seja, se as informações são suficientemente claras em relação à soja. CONCLUSÃO: O questionário foi validado, tornando-se um instrumento capaz de informar sobre a atitude de clientes da alimentação coletiva em ...

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to validate a questionnaire that verifies food service customersï attitude towards soybeans and its products. METHODS: A five-point Likert scale was used to develop the questionnaire. Validation was accomplished with customers of two food and nutrition units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the first being a printing company and the second a clothing company. Cronbachïs alpha was used to measure internal reliability. The normality test was applied to the score matrices of each item. The identification of scores with non-Gaussian behavior indicated the need to use Spearman's correlation (r) to discriminate items. The exclusion criterion was correlations with negative or close to zero r. The external validation was established by confronting the matrices represented by the mean scores of each item. The standard deviation ratio was used to assess the relative agreement considering the association between the matrices which resulted from the administration of the questionnaires in both Food and Nutrition Units. RESULTS: A total of 45 and 90 clients from the two food and nutrition units respectively participated in the validation process. The procedure administered the printing company unit indicated the removal of three items from the twenty original items. The resulting questionnaire was administered in the clothing company unit, with no indication of item removal. The Cronbach's coefficient was 0.92 and 0.91, respectively showing that the instrument measures attitude reliably. The confrontation between the scores of each item and between the two food and nutrition units generated a deviation ratio of 0.99, which recommends the removal of item number six, regarding labeling, that is, if the information regarding soybeans is sufficiently clear. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire was validated, therefore it is an instrument capable of determining food service customersï attitude towards soybeans and its products.