Breath-holding as model for the evaluation of EEG signal during respiratory distress.

PURPOSE: Research describes the existence of a relationship between cortical activity and the regulation of bulbar respiratory centers through the evaluation of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal during respiratory challenges. For example, we found evidences of a reduction in the frequency of the EEG (alpha band) in both divers and non-divers during apnea tests. For instance, this reduction was more prominent in divers due to the greater physiological disturbance resulting from longer apnea time. However, little is known about EEG adaptations during tests of maximal apnea, a test that voluntarily stops breathing and induces dyspnea. RESULTS: Through this mini-review, we verified that a protocol of successive apneas triggers a significant increase in the maximum apnea time and we hypothesized that successive maximal apnea test could be a powerful model for the study of cortical activity during respiratory distress. CONCLUSION: Dyspnea is a multifactorial symptom and we believe that performing a successive maximal apnea protocol is possible to understand some factors that determine the sensation of dyspnea through the EEG signal, especially in people not trained in apnea.

Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power.

PURPOSE: While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD: Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 â„ƒ), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 â„ƒ). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS: Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.

Samba, deep water, and poles: a framework for exercise prescription in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that leads to tremor, slowness, muscle stiffness, and other movement disorders. The benefits of exercise for reducing disability in individuals with Parkinson's disease are numerous. However, not much is known about the designing and prescription of exercise in neurodegenerative diseases. A brief review and indications for exercise prescription and evaluation are discussed throughout. In this scoping review, we specifically aimed to describe the applicability of walking tests (6-min/10-m) for the prescription of exercise in individuals with Parkinson's disease and to propose training (undulating periodized) designs in three exercise modalities, Brazilian dance rhythms (Samba and Forró), deep-water exercises, and Nordic walking. These training models and evaluation methods may assist coaches and therapists in organizing exercise programs adequate to people with Parkinson's disease, and are essential steps toward a comprehensive and more detailed understanding of the training loads in motor disorders and disease states. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11332-022-00894-4.

Factors influencing self-selected walking speed in fibrotic interstitial lung disease.

This study aimed to investigate the walking economy and possible factors influencing self-selected walking speed (SSWS) in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease (ILD) compared to controls. In this study, 10 patients with ILD (mean age: 63.8 ± 9.2 years, forced expiratory volume in the first second: 56 ± 7% of predicted) and 10 healthy controls underwent resting pulmonary function tests, cardiopulmonary exercise, and submaximal treadmill walking tests at different speeds. The walking economy was assessed by calculating the cost-of-transport (CoT). Dynamic stability was assessed by stride-to-stride fluctuations using video recordings. Patients with ILD showed reduced peak oxygen uptake with a tachypneic breathing pattern and significant oxygen desaturation during exercise. The CoT did not differ between the groups (p = 0.680), but dyspnea and SpO2 were higher and lower, respectively, in patients with ILD at the same relative speeds. SSWS was reduced in ILD patients (2.6 ± 0.9 vs. 4.2 ± 0.4 km h-1 p = 0.001) and did not correspond to the energetically optimal walking speed. Dynamic stability was significantly lower in patients with ILD than in healthy controls, mainly at lower speeds. Patients with ILD presented a similar cost of transport compared to healthy controls; however, they chose lower SSWS despite higher walking energy expenditure. Although walking stability and dyspnea were negatively affected, these factors were not associated with the slower walking speed chosen by individuals with ILD.

The relationship between height of vertical jumps, functionality and fall episodes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A case-control study.

This study aimed to compare the height of jumps and functional parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to those in healthy people, in addition to assessing the relationship among variables in patients with COPD. Twenty patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume [FEV1] % of predicted: 39.98 ± 11.69%; age: 62.95 ± 8.06 years) and 16 healthy people (FEV1% of predicted: 97.44 ± 14.45%; age: 59.94 ± 6.43 years) were evaluated, and all participants performed the Squat Jump (SJ) and Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) tests to assess rapid force considering the jumping height. Functional capacity was assessed using the self-selected walking speed tests, walking speed in 10 m, walking test in 6 min, balance on one leg, sitting and standing, timed up and go, and a stair-climbing test. In addition, the questionnaires on recall of falls, Falls Efficacy Scale-International (concern with falling), International Physical Activity Questionnaires, and Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire were administered. The height of the jumps showed no difference between the groups, but the COPD group performed worse in most functional tests and was more afraid of falling. The number of falls was correlated with height in the SJ (r = -0.51) and CMJ (r = -0.62) jumps (p < 0.05), and with the performance in different functional tests. We suggest that interventions targeting rapid force may bring improvements in functional mobility and physical fitness as well as reducing fall episodes in patients with COPD.

Locomotion as a Powerful Model to Study Integrative Physiology: Efficiency, Economy, and Power Relationship.

Locomotion is the most common form of movement in nature. Its study allows analysis of interactions between muscle functions (motor) and lever system arrangements (transmission), thereby facilitating performance analysis of various body organs and systems. Thus, it is a powerful model to study various aspects of integrative physiology. The results of this model can be applied in understanding body functions and design principles as performance outputs of interest for medical and biological sciences. The overall efficiency (effoverall ) during locomotion is an example of an integrative parameter, which results from the ratio between mechanical output and metabolic input. Although the concepts of cost (i.e., metabolic expenditure relative to distance) and power (i.e., metabolic expenditure relative to time) are included in its calculation, the effoverall establishes peculiar relations with these variables. For a better approach to these aspects, in this study, we presented the physical-mathematical formulation of efficiency, as well as its conceptual definitions and applications. Furthermore, the concepts of efficiency, cost, and power are discussed from the biological and medical perspectives. Terrestrial locomotion is a powerful model to study integrative physiology in humans, because by analyzing the mechanical and metabolic determinants, we may verify the efficiency and economy relationship through locomotion type, and its characteristics and restrictions. Thus, it is possible to elaborate further on various improved intervention strategies, such as physical training, competition strategies, and ergogenic supplementation.

Clinimetric properties of the pressure biofeedback unit method for estimating respiratory pressures.

OBJECTIVE: The Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) is used to assess the transversus abdominis muscle activity in order to determine the effectiveness of segmental stabilization, but not to verify its accuracy for measuring the pressure values of breathing from transversus abdominis activation. The objective of this study was to cross-validate the PBU pressure evaluated in transversus abdominis muscle activation with the respiratory pressure assessed through manovacuometry in order to verify the extent to which the PBU can be used to indirectly evaluate the strength of the respiratory muscle in both men and women and verify the reliability of the methods. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 39 healthy subjects. METHODS: Manovacuometry and Pressure Biofeedback Unit tests were performed in three days each with three replications: 1) Maximal Inspiratory Pressure; 2) Maximal Expiratory Pressure; and 3) Pressure Biofeedback Unit. RESULTS: Both tests showed good reliability and low correlation between the Pressure Biofeedback Unit and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (r = 0.40; p = 0.01) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (r = 0.33; p = 0.04). High differences were observed between pressures and wide limits of agreement in Bland-Altman analysis. CONCLUSION: It seems that the Pressure Biofeedback Unit is not able to effectively predict the respiratory muscles' strength as routinely evaluated through the use of the manovacuometry presenting a low cross-validation and good reliability.

Diagonal movement of the upper limb produces greater adaptive plasticity than sagittal plane flexion in the shoulder.

The motor rehabilitation is based on exercises that involve various joints and muscle groups. One such treatment method is Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF), which involves diagonal movements simulating many activities of daily living. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences between PNF and shoulder flexion movements performed without the diagonal component (i.e., only in the sagittal plane) using beta band absolute power as a measure of plasticity. The study included 30 volunteers randomized into three groups (control, PNF, and FLEX), with electroencephalographic signals captured before and after the performance of the task. The PNF group showed an increase in beta band absolute power in both hemispheres, indicating greater plasticity than that seen in the FLEX group. Therefore, PNF seems to be capable of promoting cortical adaptations that lead to the recruitment of both hemispheres, thus influencing cortical organization in more complex tasks.

The Impact of Kitesurfing on the Dynamic Equilibrium.

BACKGROUND: The kitesurfing athletes endure unexpected conditions in terms of the function of irregularities in the surface of the water that requires a correct proprioceptive response in order to maintain equilibrium and execute the required movements while maintaining contact with the board and the water. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to use the star excursion balance test to compare the dynamic equilibrium of athletes who engage in kitesurfing activities with non-athletic subjects. METHODS: Fourteen kitesurfing athletes and fifteen sedentary male subjects completed three rounds of the star excursion balance test: familiarity, test one and test two. During each phase the eight directions of the test were performed three times on each leg and the maximum distance reached by the leg (cm) was measured before being divided by the length of the lower limb (%). To compare the intergroup averages, a student test t to independent samples was performed. To compare the averages across the eight directions in the same group, the repeated-measures ANOVA test was employed and to compare the averages of the right leg and the left leg, a student test t to dependent samples was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For both groups and in both legs, the distance reached in the medial, posteromedial, posterior and posterolateral directions was similar and further than the other directions. It was observed that the athletes in the comparison intergroup achieved superior results than those in the control group in the medial, posteromedial, posterior and posterolateral directions in both right and left legs and the lateral direction in the right leg (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Kitesurfing activities result in proportionate adaptations in the dynamic equilibrium of athletes, maybe in function of adaptations in the neuromuscular structure, resulting in a better performance in situations that cause disequilibrium.

Morte súbita cardíaca: o perfil da prevenção nos clubes de futebol do estado do Piauí / Sudden cardiac death: the form of prevention into the clubs of soccer in Piauí

O risco eminente de morte súbita no futebol tem despertado interesse da opinião publica, sendo que a principal forma de reduzi-lo é através da prevenção. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar e analisar os protocolos e rotinas utilizadas por clubes de futebol do estado do Piauí para a detecção e prevenção de fatores preditores de morte súbita cardíaca em seus atletas. Foram entrevistados representantes de oito clubes de futebol do estado do Piauí, os quais responderam um questionário que consistia de perguntas abertas relativas aos profissionais que compõem a equipe de saúde, os exames e a frequência com que eram realizados. Os resultados foram tabulados de forma a verificar sua adequação as diretrizes da American Heart Association, da European Society of Cardiology e da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte/Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Um critério de pontuação foi desenvolvido para averiguar a adaptação dos clubes e essas diretrizes. A equipe técnica era composta por técnico, preparador físico e preparador de goleiros. Não foi encontrado na equipe médica nenhum especialista em cardiologia, medicina desportiva ou ortopedia. A anamnese e o exame de sangue comum foram as avaliações mais realizadas e ocorriam apenas na contratação. Na análise da pontuação, os clubes atingiram em média 22% do valor máximo previsto. Neste sentido, podemos concluir que os clubes de futebol do estado do Piauí não estão realizando uma Avaliação Pré-Participação adequada de acordo com as diretrizes preconizadas.(AU)

The imminent risk of sudden death in the soccer has awaken interest of the public opinion, once that the principal form to reduce is through the prevention. The objective of this work was to identify and analyze the protocols and the routines used in the soccer clubs in Piauí to the detection and prevention of predictor factors of sudden cardiac death in its athletes. The representatives of eight clubs of soccer in Piauí were interviewed, they answered a questioner with open questions related to the professional that compose the health team, the exams and the frequency they were done. The results were tabulated in a way to verify its adequacy to the guidelines of the American Heart Association, of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Brazilian Society of Medicine into the Sport/ Brazilian Society of Cardiology. A criterion of punctuation was developed to investigate the adaptation of clubs and these guidelines. The technical team was composed by coach, trainer and goalkeeper coach. In the team was not found anyone specialist in cardiology, sports medicine or orthopedics. The anamnesis and the common blood test were the evaluations more held and occurred only in the engagement. In the punctuation analyze, the clubs got grades around 22% of the total value provided. In this sense, we can conclude the soccer clubs in Piauí are not doing the evaluation Pre­Participant according to the recommended guidelines.(AU)

Chronic adaptations of lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to verify and analyze the existence of chronic adaptations of lung function in free-diving fishermen whose occupation is artisanal fishing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 11 breath-hold diving fishermen and 10 non-breath-hold diving fishermen (control) from the village of Bitupitá in the municipality of Barroquinha (Ceará - Brazil). Anthropometric measurements, chest and abdominal circumferences as well as spirometric and respiratory muscle strength tests were conducted according to the specifications of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). In order to compare the measured values versus the predicted values, Student t test was used in the case of parametric test and Wilcoxon test in the case of nonparametric test. To compare the inter-group means Student t test was used for parametric test and Mann-Whitney test for the nonparametric one. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. RESULTS: The forced vital capacity (FVC) (4.9 ± 0.6 l vs. 4.3 ± 0.4 l) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (4.0 ± 0.5 l vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 l) were, respectively, higher in the group of divers compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, in the group of free divers, the measured FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratios were significantly greater than the predicted ones. No differences were found between the measured respiratory pressures. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that breath-hold diving seems to produce chronic adaptations of the respiratory system, resulting in elevated lung volumes with no airway obstruction.

A neurotoxicidade da Cannabis sativa e suas repercussões sobre a morfologia do tecido cerebral / Cannabis sativa neurotoxicity and impacts on the brain tissue morphology

Para a compreensão das repercussões psicológicas e comportamentais verificadas em usuários de Cannabis sativa, experimentos têm sido desenvolvidos analisando a relação entre a intensidade do uso da droga e biomarcadores de lesão e inflamação. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar pesquisa bibliográfica, relacionando marcadores bioquímicos de neurotoxicidade e suas repercussões sobre a morfologia do tecido cerebral em usuários de Cannabis sativa, durante a exposição ao Δ9-THC por via intravenosa e em pesquisas in vitro. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa cuja pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nos bancos de dados PubMed, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, utilizando-se como critério de inclusão os seguintes termos: "Cannabis Sativa", "marijuana", "maconha", "Δ9-THC", "neurotrophins", "neurotrofinas", "prostaglandins", "prostaglandinas", "BDNF" e "NGF". Dessa forma, foram selecionados 40 artigos para integrar a presente revisão, datados de 1987 a 2013. O período de realização da pesquisa bibliográfica foi de agosto de 2011 a maio de 2013. Foi possível identificar os tipos e a magnitude das alterações morfológicas e bioquímicas decorrentes do uso de Cannabis sativa ou da exposição ao Δ9-THC. De uma forma geral, foi constatada a diminuição das massas cinzenta e branca do cérebro, da densidade do hipocampo, do volume das células neurais, entre outros. Foram constatadas também alterações nos níveis séricos de neurotrofinas e na biossíntese de prostaglandinas, de acordo com a metodologia utilizada ou região avaliada. Esses achados poderiam estar relacionados às mudanças comportamentais observadas em usuários de Cannabis sativa, esclarecendo, por exemplo, diversos sintomas psíquicos relatados na literatura.

In order to understand psychological and behavioral impact among Cannabis sativa users, experiments have been developed by analyzing the relationship between the intensity of the use with injury and inflammation biomarkers. Therefore, this paper aimed to carry out a literature review, relating biochemical markers of neurotoxicity and their impact on morphology of brain tissue in Cannabis sativa users, during the exposure to Δ9-THC intravenously and in in vitro studies. This is a narrative review whose bibliographic research was managed in PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases, using the following terms as inclusion criterion: "Cannabis sativa", "marijuana", "maconha", "Δ9-THC", "neurotrophins", "neurotrofinas", "prostaglandins", "prostaglandinas", "BDNF" and "NGF". Thereby, 40 articles were selected to integrate the present review, dated from 1987 to 2013. The period of this literature review was from August 2011 to May 2013. It was possible to identify the types and the magnitude of morphological and biochemical changes resulting from the Cannabis sativa use or exposure to Δ9-THC. In general, a reduction was found in gray and white brain mass, in density of hippocampus, in the volume of nerve cells, among others. We also observed changes in serum levels of neurotrophins and in prostaglandin biosynthesis, in accordance with methodology used or the evaluated area. These findings could be related to behavioral changes observed in Cannabis sativa users, clarifying, for instance, many psychological symptoms reported in literature.

Using heart rate to prescribe physical exercise during head-out water immersion.

The purpose of this study was to compare and correlate the effect of age group, sex, depth of water immersion, and the heart rate (HR) assessed out of the water on the HR behavior in individuals subjected to head-out water immersion. A total of 395 healthy individuals of both sexes, aged between 07 and 75 years, underwent vertical head-out water immersion. Heart rate was assessed out of the water in the supine and orthostatic (OHR) positions and at immersion depths corresponding to the ankle, knee, hip, umbilicus, xiphoid process, acromion, neck, and also the neck with the arms out of the water. The formula (ΔHR = OHR - HR immersion depth) was used to calculate the reduction in HR at each immersion depth. No age-based or sex-based differences in HR were found. The greater the depth of the water, the greater was the decrease in HR (p < 0.05); however, no differences were found between the HR values obtained below the depth corresponding to the umbilicus. Similarly, there was a significant relationship between OHR and ΔHR measured at levels below the depth corresponding to the umbilicus (e.g., xiphoid process level: r = 0.62; p < 0.05). Therefore, this study suggests to appropriately prescribe the intensity of water-based exercise intensity performed during vertical immersion: OHR should be measured before the individual entering the aquatic environment; ΔHR should be measured according to the depth at which exercise is to be performed, and we suggest an adaptation to Karvonen's HRmax prediction formula (predicted HRmax: 220 - age - ΔHR) to prescribe and control the intensity of the exercise performed during vertical immersion.

Repercussões pressóricas do frio local: a crioterapia deve ser administrada com precaução em pacientes hipertensos? / Pressure repercussions for local cold: should cryotherapy be used with precaution on hypertensive patients?

Introdução: A crioterapia é um recurso que diminui a temperaturacorporal local com finalidades terapêuticas. Uma importanterepercussão é a vasoconstrição local, que seria o desencadeador de umpossível aumento na pressão arterial (PA). Entretanto, não existemtrabalhos que comprovem essa suposição. Nossa hipótese é que osresultados das pesquisas de Cold Pressor Test (CPT) avaliando PAacabaram historicamente fundamentando as precauções da crioterapiaem relação a pacientes hipertensos. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisãode literatura a respeito das pesquisas que sustentam a precaução dacrioterapia em indivíduos hipertensos e verificar sua relação comestudos que utilizaram o CPT. Material e métodos: Trata-se de umarevisão de literatura que utilizou as bases de dados online Medline,Scielo, Lilacs e Google Acadêmico para a realização da pesquisa.Resultado: Apesar de não serem unânimes, diversas pesquisas queutilizaram o CPT encontraram significativos aumentos da atividadenervosa simpática muscular e da PA em normotensos e hipertensos,entretanto não encontramos estudos que tenham comprovado respostassignificativas de PA com o uso da crioterapia, principalmente,em hipertensos. Conclusão: Não existem evidências científicas quecomprovem a precaução da crioterapia em indivíduos hipertensos.Além disso, os estudos com CPT não são unânimes em relação aosaumentos pressóricos em indivíduos normotensos e hipertensos.

Introduction: Cryotherapy is a procedure that decreases the localbody temperature for therapeutic purposes. A major consequence islocal vessel constriction, which is the trigger of a possible increase inthe blood pressure (BP). However, there are no studies that testifythis assumption. Our hypothesis is that the results of the ColdPressor Test (CPT) researches analyzing BP have eventually laidthe foundation of cryotherapy precautions regarding hypertensivepatients. Objective: Literature review about cryotherapy precautionon hypertensive patients and its relation with studies that usedCPT. Methods: This was a literature review with online databaseresearch on Medline, Scielo, Lilacs and Google Scholar. Results:Although not unanimous, different researches, using CPT founda significant increase of the muscular sympathetic nervous activityand the BP in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. We didnot find, however, studies that have proved significant BP responseswith cryotherapy use, especially in hypertensive patients. Conclusion:There is no scientific evidence that supports the cryotherapyprecaution in hypertensive patients. Moreover, CPT studies arenot unanimous regarding pressure increase in normotensive andhypertensive individuals.

Adaptações crônicas sobre a função pulmonar em indivíduos infectados pela leishmaniose visceral / Chronic adaptations on lung function in individuals infected with Visceral Leishmaniasis

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar de escassas, as principais alterações cardiopulmonares verificadas durante a infecção com Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) se referem a alterações histológicas e imunológicas e poucos relatos de repercussões funcionais. OBJETIVO: Verificar e analisar a existência de adaptações crônicas na função pulmonar de indivíduos assintomáticos previamente infectados pela LV. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal descritivo, para o qual foram selecionados todos os indivíduos que contraíram LV em Parnaíba (Piauí, Brasil) entre 2007 e 2010 de acordo com informações do Setor de Epidemiologia do município. De um total de 20 indivíduos com confirmação parasitológica de LV, foram avaliados nove com idades entre 18 e 62 anos entre setembro e outubro de 2011. Excluíram-se indivíduos que não apresentaram diagnóstico parasitológico de LV, doenças ou sintomas cardiorrespiratórios recentes, usuários crônicos de drogas ilícitas e gestantes. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e testes de espirometria e de manovacuometria conforme especificações da American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). Para comparação das médias dos valores medidos e preditos foi realizado Teste t Student para dados dependentes. O nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A Capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF) (3,8 ± 0,9 vs. 4,2 ± 0,8 L) e o Volume Expiratório Forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) (3,3 ± 0,7 vs. 3,5 ± 0,7 L) foram estatisticamente menores do que os valores medidos (p < 0,01). A relação VEF1/CVF (87,6 vs. 84,4%) foi maior nos valores medidos (p = 0,08). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de o número de indivíduos avaliados ser pequeno, os dados indicam que a infecção por LV parece desenvolver adaptações crônicas sobre o sistema respiratório, resultando em volumes pulmonares significativamente diminuídos e uma tendência a padrões respiratórios restritivos.

INTRODUCTION: Although scarce, the main changes observed during cardiopulmonary infection with Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) refer to histological and immunological and few reports of functional repercussions. OBJECTIVE: To verify and analyze the existence of chronic adaptations in pulmonary function in individuals who have been infected by VL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which evaluated nine people aged between 18 and 62 years. Anthropometric measurements and spirometry and manometer tests were performed according to the specifications of the American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). For comparison of the measured and predicted values was performed Student t test for dependent data. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (3,8 ± 0,9 ± 0,8 vs. 4,2 l) and Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (3,3 ± 0,7 ± 0,7 vs. 3,5 l) were statistically smaller in measured values (p < 0.05). The FEV1/FVC ratio (87.6 vs. 84.4%) was higher in the measured values (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: The data indicate that infection with VL seems to develop chronic adaptations on the respiratory system, resulting in decreased lung volumes and a tendency to restrictive breathing patterns.

The relationship between running economy and biomechanical variables in distance runners.

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between running economy (RE) and biomechanical parameters in a group running at the same relative intensity and same absolute velocity. Sixteen homogeneous male long-distance runners performed a test to determine RE at 4.4 m.s(-1), corresponding to 11.1% below velocity at the ventilatory threshold. We found significant correlations between RE and biomechanical variables (vertical oscillation of the center of mass, stride frequency, stride length, balance time, relative stride length, range of elbow motion, internal knee, ankle angles at foot strike, and electromyographic activity of the semitendinosus and rectus femoris muscles). In conclusion, changes in running technique can influence RE and lead to improved running performance.

Consumo de oxigênio e índice de esforço percebido em diferentes ritmos de execução na hidroginástica / Oxygen consumption and rate of perceived exertion at different rhythms in water aerobics

O objetivo do estudo foi correlacionar o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e o percentual do VO2 máximo (%VO2máx) com o índice de esforço percebido (IEP) e comparar essas variáveis entre exercícios de hidroginástica executados no meio aquático em diferentes ritmos de execução. Seis mulheres realizaram quatro sessões de testes, uma no meio terrestre (teste de esforço máximo) e três no meio aquático, cada uma com a execução de um exercício de hidroginástica: corrida estacionária, deslize lateral e chute frontal até 45°. Cada exercício aquático foi realizado em três ritmos de execução, 80, 100 e 120bpm, durante 6 min (intervalo de 30 min). Para todas as variáveis, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os três exercícios, todavia, as mesmas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os ritmos, indicando que com o aumento do ritmo, o esforço para executar os exercícios foi intensificado. Correlações significativas foram observadas entre VO2 e IEP e entre %VO2máx e IEP. Logo, baseado nessas associações, sugere-se que a prescrição da intensidade dos exercícios analisados possa ser feita através do IEP durante aulas de hidroginástica.

The purpose of the study was to correlate the oxygen consumption (VO2) and the percentage of maximal VO2 (%VO2max) with the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and to compare these variable between water aerobic exercises performed in aquatic environment at different rhythms. Six women performed four test sessions, one on dry land environment (maximal effort test) and three in aquatic environment, each one with the performance of a water aerobic exercise: stationary running, jumping jacks and frontal kick up to 45°. Each aquatic exercise was performed at three rhythms of execution, 80, 100 and 120 bpm, during 6 min (interval of 30 min). For all variables, no significant differences were observed between three exercises, however, significant differences were found between rhythms of execution for all of them, indicating that with the increase of the rhythm, the effort to perform the exercises was intensified. Significant correlations were observed between VO2 and RPE, and between %VO2max and RPE. Therefore, based on this association it is suggested that the prescription of intensity of the exercises analyzed can be done by RPE during water aerobics classes.

Consumo de oxigênio de recuperação em resposta a duas sessões de treinamento de força com diferentes intensidades / Recovery oxygen uptake in response to two resistance training sessions at different intensities

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o comportamento do consumo de oxigênio (VO2) em resposta a uma sessão de treinamento de força (TF) com objetivo em hipertrofia muscular (HP) com uma sessão com objetivo em resistência muscular localizada (RML). Nove indivíduos do sexo masculino (23,1 ± 2,1 anos) foram recrutados para este estudo. A força muscular dinâmica foi mensurada através do teste de 1RM. O VO2 foi coletado durante o repouso e 10 minutos de recuperação com um analisador de gases (CPX/D). As sessões foram compostas por um exercício de membros superiores (supino) e um de membros inferiores (agachamento), e compreenderam a execução de três séries de 6-8 repetições máximas (RM) a 80 por cento de 1RM para HP e 15-20 RM a 55 por cento de 1RM para RML. Foram analisados os dados de VO2 pós-exercício (EPOC), gasto energético (GE) de recuperação e constante de tempo de VO2 (CT). Foi observado que ambas sessões provocaram comportamento significativamente elevado de VO2 durante os 10min de recuperação em relação aos valores de repouso. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os valores de EPOC (litros) para HP (2,21 ± 0,54) e RML (2,60 ± 0,44), GE (kcal) para HP (10,36 ± 2,53) e RML (12,18 ± 2,04) e CT (segundos) para HP (56 ± 7) e RML (57 ± 6) (p > 0,05). Esses resultados demonstraram que uma sessão de TF com objetivo em RML é capaz de causar distúrbios metabólicos semelhantes àqueles provocados por uma sessão de HP, mesmo que seja em menor intensidade relativa a carga máxima.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the oxygen uptake ( VO2) behavior in response to a resistance exercise (RE) session with aim of hypertrophy (HP) with another session with aim of local muscular endurance (LME). Nine young men (23.1± 2.1 years) voluntarily participated in the present study. Dynamic muscle strength was measured with one repetition maximum test (1RM). O VO2 was collected at rest and ten minutes after exercise with a gas analyzer (CPX/D). The RE protocols were composed of one upper body exercise (bench press) and one lower body exercise (squat) with the execution of 3 sets of 6-8 maximum repetitions (RM) with 80 percent of 1RM in HP session and 3 sets of 15-20 RM with 55 percent of 1 RM in LME session. Exercise post oxygen consumption (EPOC), energy cost (EC) and time constant (TC) of VO2 were analyzed. The results showed that both RE sessions provoked significant elevated VO2 after RE in comparison to rest values. There were no differences between groups in the EPOC (l) (HP: 2.21 ± 0.54 vs. LME: 2.60 ± 0.44), EC (Kcal) (HP: 10.36 ± 2.53 vs LME: 12.18 ± 2.04) and TC of VO2 (s) (HP: 56 ± 7 vs. LME: 57 ± 6) (p>0.05). These results demonstrated that a RE session with the aim of LME gain is capable of causing similar metabolic impact to the RE session with HP aim, even if it is performed at lower intensity concerning maximal load.

Influência das variáveis antropométricas na economia de corrida e no comprimento de passada em corredoras de rendimento / Influence of the anthropometric variables in the running economy and the stride length in performance of the female

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação entre economia de corrida (ECO), comprimento de passada (CP) e dimensões corporais. Cinco mulheres correram em duas intensidades submáximas: uma velocidade correspondente a velocidade utilizada em treino (12 km.h-1) e, uma velocidade próxima da velocidade no limiar anaeróbio (14 km.h-1). A massa corporal, o percentual de gordura, a estatura, o comprimento de passada e o comprimento de passada relativo ao comprimento de perna foram determinadas em ambas as velocidades. Foi feito o teste de correlação de Pearson (p menor que 0,05). Os resultados demonstram a influência da velocidade submáxima de corrida na relação entre dimensões corporais (estatura e massa corporal) com a ECO e com o CP. Verificaram-se correlações negativas entre estatura e massa corporal com o consumo submáximo de oxigênio e, um a correlação positiva entre massa corporal com o CP a12 km.h-1. Dessa forma, estes resultados permitem concluir que os mecanismos de adaptação podem ser diferentes de acordo com a velocidade de corrida. A relação entre dimensões corporais com ECO e CP são muito importantes para predizer o desempenho em provas de meio-fundo.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between running economy (ECO), step length (CP) and body dimensions. Five female were tested for one submaximal velocity, very close to usual training intensities (12km.h-1), and one high submaximal velocity, near the anaerobic threshold (14 km.h-1). Body weight, body fat, height, leg length and relative low extremity length were determined. The test of Pearson´s correlation (p smaller that 0.05) were performed. The results indicate an effect of the submaximal velocity on the relationship between body dimensions (height and body weight) with ECO and CP. The results show an inverse correlation between height and body weight with the submaximal oxigen uptake and, direct correlation between body weight with CP in 12 km.h-1. Thus, this result allows us to make the assumption that mechanisms of adaptation can be different according to the running speed. The relationships between body dimensions with ECO and CP are very important for performance of running.

Efeito da imersão sobre o comportamento do consumo de oxigênio de repouso / Effect of immersion over oxigen consumption behavior during rest

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da imersão sobre VO2 de repouso (ml/kg/min). A amostra foi composta por 6 mulheres praticantes de hidroginástica (idade: 21,3 ± 1,03 anos, massa corporal: 57 ± 4,29 kg, estatura: 164,5 ± 4,09 cm), avaliadas em diferentes situações experimentais (SE) na seguinte ordem: 20 minutos em repouso em decúbito dorsal fora da água (DD); 5 minutos na posição ortostática fora da água (OF) e 3 minutos em repouso na posição ortostática com imersão ao nível do processo xifóide (OI). Cada SE foi realizada em três dias diferentes, com intervalo de 48 horas, a fim de avaliar o efeito da variação metabólica dos indivíduos. A temperatura da água variou entre 32 e 33 °C. Para a coleta de VO2 foi utilizado o analisador de gases Aerosport KB1- C. Utilizou-se ANOVA para medidas repetidas e ANOVA One Way (Bonferroni) (p<0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as mesmas SE nos três dias de coleta. Dessa forma, os dados das SE semelhantes foram somadas e suas médias utilizadas para comparação entre diferentes SEs. Encontramos um aumento no VO2 de DD (3,17 ± 0,34) para OF (3,62 ± 0,36) e dessa para a OI (3,98 ± 0,44), entretanto foram encontradas diferenças significativas somente entre a DD e OI. A imersão no processo xifóide na temperatura avaliada provocou aumento significativo do VO2 em repouso nos 3 primeiros minutos de imersão somente com a associação da mudança de posição corporal.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of immersion over rest VO2. The sample complised of six women that practice water exercise, aging 21.3 ± 1.03 years, body mass 57 ± 4.29 kg, height 164 ± 4.09 cm, which were evaluated in the following experimental situations: 20 minutes of rest in dorsal decumbant outside the water (DD); 5 minutes of orthostatic position outside the water (OO); and 3 minutes of rest in orthostatic position under immersion at the xyphoid process level (OI). Each experimental situation was procceeded in three days, with intervals of 48 hours, to evaluate the effect of metabolic variation of the individuals. The water temperature varied between 32 and 33oC. The VO2 analyses were done through a KB1-C Aerosport gás analyser. Repeted measurements and One Way ANOVA (Bonferroni) (p<0.05) were used for statistical analysis. There were no statistically significant differences among the same experimental situations. These datas were added and your means used for comparison among different experimental situations. There was a raise of VO2 in DD (3.17 ± 0.36) when compared to OO (3.62 ± 0.34), which was different than the OI (3.98 ± 0.44), but the differences were significant only for the first and third experimental situations. Water immersion of xyphoid process in the temperature used caused a significant raise of VO2 under rest during the three firts minutes of immersion only with the association of a change in body position.