Does geographic variation in thermal tolerance in Daphnia represent trade-offs or conditional neutrality?

Geographic variation in thermal tolerance in Daphnia seems to represent genetic load at the loci specifically responsible for heat tolerance resulting from conditional neutrality. We see no evidence of trade-offs between fitness-related traits at 25 °C vs. 10 °C or between two algal diets across Daphnia magna clones from a variety of locations representing the opposite ends of the distribution of long-term heat tolerance. Likewise, we found no evidence of within-environment trade-offs between heat tolerance and fitness-related traits in any of the environments. Neither short-term and long-term heat tolerance shows any consistent relationship with lipid fluorescence polarization and lipid peroxidation across clones or environments. Pervasive positive correlations between fitness-related traits indicate differences in genetic load rather than trade-off based local adaptation or thermal specialization. For heat tolerance such differences may be caused by either relaxation of stabilizing selection due to lower exposure to high temperature extremes, i.e., conditional neutrality, or by small effective population size followed by the recent range expansion.

Breaking free from thermodynamic constraints: thermal acclimation and metabolic compensation in a freshwater zooplankton species.

Respiration rates of ectothermic organisms are affected by environmental temperatures, and sustainable metabolism at high temperatures sometimes limits heat tolerance. Organisms are hypothesized to exhibit acclimatory metabolic compensation effects, decelerating their metabolic processes below Arrhenius expectations based on temperature alone. We tested the hypothesis that either heritable or plastic heat tolerance differences can be explained by metabolic compensation in the eurythermal freshwater zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna We measured respiration rates in a ramp-up experiment over a range of assay temperatures (5-37°C) in eight genotypes of D. magna representing a range of previously reported acute heat tolerances and, at a narrower range of temperatures (10-35°C), in D. magna with different acclimation history (either 10 or 25°C). We discovered no difference in temperature-specific respiration rates between heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive genotypes. In contrast, we observed acclimation-specific compensatory differences in respiration rates at both extremes of the temperature range studied. Notably, there was a deceleration of oxygen consumption at higher temperature in 25°C-acclimated D. magna relative to their 10°C-acclimated counterparts, observed in active animals, a pattern corroborated by similar changes in filtering rate and, partly, by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. A recovery experiment indicated that the reduction of respiration was not caused by irreversible damage during exposure to a sublethal temperature. Response time necessary to acquire the respiratory adjustment to high temperature was lower than for low temperature, indicating that metabolic compensation at lower temperatures requires slower, possibly structural changes.

Rearing Temperature and Fatty Acid Supplementation Jointly Affect Lipid Fluorescence Polarization and Heat Tolerance in Daphnia.

The homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis states that the relative abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in membrane phospholipids of ectothermic organisms decreases with increasing temperatures to maintain vital membrane properties. We reared Daphnia magna at 15°, 20°, and 25°C and increasing dietary concentrations of the long-chain PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to test the hypothesis that the well-documented increase in heat tolerance of high-temperature-reared Daphnia is due to a reduction in body PUFA concentrations. Heat tolerance was assessed by measuring the time to immobility at a lethally high temperature (Timm at 37°C), and whole body lipid fluorescence polarization (FP) was used as an estimate of membrane fluidity. At all rearing temperatures, EPA supplementation resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of EPA in body tissues, but only at 15° and 25°C did this result in a decrease in heat tolerance, and only at 20°C was this associated with an increase in membrane fluidity (i.e., decrease in FP). Overall, however, the degree of tissue fatty acid unsaturation correlated well with heat tolerance and FP. Our results support the homeoviscous adaptation hypothesis by showing that cold-reared Daphnia accumulate PUFAs within their body tissues and thus are more susceptible to heat than hot-reared Daphnia accumulating fewer PUFAs. However, our data also point out that further studies are required that elucidate the complex relationships between PUFA supply, membrane fluidity, and heat tolerance in ectotherms.