Acute Coronary Syndrome During the Era of COVID-19: Perspective and Implications Using Google Trends.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) hospital admissions decreased during the start of the COVID-19 outbreak. Information is limited on how Google searches were related to patients' behaviour during this time. Methods: We examined de-identified data from 2019 through 2020 regarding the following monthly items: (i) admissions for ACS from the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System; (ii) out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) public dataset; and (iii) Google searches for "chest pain," "coronavirus," "chest pressure," and "hospital safe" from Google Trends. We analyzed the trends for ACS admissions, OHCA, and Google searches. Results: During the early months of the first COVID-19 outbreak, the following occurred: (i) Veterans Affairs data showed a significant reduction in ACS admissions at a national and regional (Florida) level; (ii) the NEMSIS database showed a marked increase in OHCA at a national level; and (iii) Google Trends showed a significant increase in the before-mentioned Google searches at a national and regional level. Conclusions: ACS hospital admissions decreased during the beginning of the pandemic, likely owing to delayed healthcare utilization secondary to patients fear of acquiring a COVID-19 infection. Concordantly, the volume of Google searches for hospital safety and ACS symptoms increased, along with OHCA events, during the same time. Our results suggest that Google Trends may be a useful tool to predict patients' behaviour and increase preparedness for future events, but statistical strategies to establish association are needed.

Contexte: Les admissions à l'hôpital pour un syndrome coronarien aigu (SCA) ont diminué au début de la pandémie de COVID-19. Or, il existe peu de données sur les recherches effectuées par les patients dans Google pendant cette période. Méthodologie: Nous avons examiné des données mensuelles dépersonnalisées de 2019 à 2020 sur les éléments suivants : i) admissions pour un SCA dans le système de santé de Veterans Affairs aux États-Unis; ii) arrêts cardiaques extrahospitaliers (ACEH) de l'ensemble de données publiques du National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS); et iii) les recherches dans Google selon Google Trends pour « chest pain ¼ (douleur thoracique), « coronavirus ¼, « chest pressure ¼ (oppression thoracique) et « hospital safe ¼ (sécurité dans les hôpitaux). Nous avons également analysé les tendances relatives aux admissions pour un SCA, aux ACEH et aux recherches dans Google. Résultats: Pour les premiers mois de la première vague de COVID-19, les observations sont les suivantes : i) les données de Veterans Affairs ont montré une réduction significative des admissions pour un SCA à l'échelle nationale et régionale (Floride); ii) la base de données du NEMSIS a montré une augmentation marquée des ACEH à l'échelle nationale; et iii) les tendances observées au moyen de Google Trends indiquent une augmentation significative à l'échelle nationale et régionale des recherches dans Google à l'aide des termes mentionnés précédemment. Conclusions: Les admissions à l'hôpital pour un SCA ont diminué au début de la pandémie, probablement en raison de la crainte des patients de contracter la COVID-19, qui les a amenés à repousser le recours à des soins de santé. Pendant la même période, le volume des recherches dans Google à propos de la sécurité dans les hôpitaux et les symptômes de SCA a augmenté, tout comme le nombre d'ACEH. Nos résultats semblent indiquer que Google Trends pourrait être un outil pratique pour prédire les comportements des patients et mieux se préparer aux événements futurs, mais il convient d'élaborer des stratégies statistiques permettant de mieux caractériser ces liens.

Procedural Outcomes With Femoral, Radial, Distal Radial, and Ulnar Access for Coronary Angiography: A Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Radial artery access for coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces the risk of death, bleeding, and vascular complications and is preferred over femoral artery access, leading to a class 1 indication by clinical practice guidelines. However, alternate upper extremity access such as distal radial and ulnar access are not mentioned in the guidelines despite randomized trials. We aimed to evaluate procedural outcomes with femoral, radial, distal radial, and ulnar access sites in patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched for randomized clinical trials that compared at least 2 of the 4 access sites in patients undergoing PCI or angiography. Primary outcomes were major bleeding and access site hematoma. Intention-to-treat mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: From 47 randomized clinical trials that randomized 38 924 patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI, when compared with femoral access, there was a lower risk of major bleeding with radial access (odds ratio [OR], 0.46 [95% CI, 0.35-0.59]) and lower risk of access site hematoma with radial (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.24-0.48]), distal radial (OR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.20-0.56]), and ulnar (OR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.83]) access. However, when compared with radial access, there was higher risk of hematoma with ulnar access (OR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.03-2.14]). CONCLUSIONS: Data from randomized trials support guideline recommendation of class 1 for the preference of radial access over femoral access in patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI. Moreover, distal radial and ulnar access can be considered as a default secondary access site before considering femoral access. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; Unique identifier: CRD42024512365.

Comparing the long-term outcomes in chronic coronary syndrome patients with prior ST-segment and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: findings from the TIGRIS registry.

OBJECTIVES: Compared with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients have more comorbidities and extensive coronary artery disease. Contemporary comparative data on the long-term prognosis of stable post-myocardial infarction subtypes are needed. DESIGN: Long-Term rIsk, clinical manaGement and healthcare Resource utilisation of stable coronary artery dISease (TIGRIS) was a multinational, observational and longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Patients were enrolled from 350 centres, with >95% coming from cardiology practices across 24 countries, from 19 June 2013 to 31 March 2017. PARTICIPANTS: This study enrolled 8277 stable patients 1-3 years after myocardial infarction with ≥1 additional risk factor. OUTCOME MEASURES: Over a 2 year follow-up, cardiovascular events and deaths and self-reported health using the EuroQol 5-dimension questionnaire score were recorded. Relative risk of clinical events and health resource utilisation in STEMI and NSTEMI patients were compared using multivariable Poisson regression models, adjusting for prognostically relevant patient factors. RESULTS: Of 7752 patients with known myocardial infarction type, 46% had NSTEMI; NSTEMI patients were older with more comorbidities than STEMI patients. NSTEMI patients had significantly poorer self-reported health and lower prevalence of dual antiplatelet therapy at hospital discharge and at enrolment 1-3 years later. NSTEMI patients had a higher incidence of combined myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death (5.6% vs 3.9%, p<0.001) and higher all-cause mortality (4.2% vs 2.6%, p<0.001) compared with STEMI patients. Risks were attenuated after adjusting for other patient characteristics. Health resource utilisation was higher in NSTEMI patients, although STEMI patients had more cardiologist visits. CONCLUSIONS: Post-NSTEMI chronic coronary syndrome patients had a less favourable risk factor profile, poorer self-reported health and more adverse cardiovascular events during long-term follow-up than individuals post STEMI. Efforts are needed to recognise the risks of stable patients after NSTEMI and optimise secondary prevention and care. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01866904.

Long-term outcomes among stable post-acute myocardial infarction patients living in rural versus urban areas: insights from the prospective, observational TIGRIS registry.

BACKGROUND: Insights on the differences in clinical outcomes, quality of life (QoL) and health resource utilisation (HRU) with different levels of care available to post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI) populations in rural and urban settings are limited. METHODS: The long-Term rIsk, clinical manaGement, and healthcare Resource utilisation of stable coronary artery dISease (TIGRIS), a prospective, observational registry, enrolled 8452 patients aged ≥50 years 1-3 years post-AMI from June 2013 to November 2014 from 24 countries in Asia Pacific/Australia, Europe, North America and South America. Differences in QoL (measured using the EuroQol Research Foundation instrument) and HRU between patients in rural and urban settings were evaluated in this post hoc analysis. The incidence of clinical endpoints (cardiovascular (CV) death, AMI, unstable angina with urgent revascularisation and stroke; bleeding; and all-cause mortality) was analysed. Data were collected at baseline and every 6 months for 24 months. RESULTS: There were fewer hospitalisations and visits to general practitioners (GPs) and cardiologists in the rural versus urban populations (adjusted event rate ratio (ERR)=0.90 (95% CI, 0.82 to 1.00, p=0.04); ERR=0.84 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.92, p<0.001); ERR=0.86 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.92, p<0.001), respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed between rural and urban populations in all-cause death, AMI, unstable angina with urgent revascularisation, CV death, stroke, major bleeding events and health-related QoL. The adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.74 to 1.15) for the composite of CV death, AMI and stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Living in rural areas was associated with fewer GP/cardiologist visits and hospitalisations; no significant differences in clinical outcomes and QoL were observed. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01866904.

Race-Based Differences in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Process Metrics and Mortality From 2015 Through 2021: An Analysis of 178 062 Patients From the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease Registry.

BACKGROUND: Systems of care have been developed across the United States to standardize care processes and improve outcomes in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The effect of contemporary STEMI systems of care on racial and ethnic disparities in achievement of time-to-treatment goals and mortality in STEMI is uncertain. METHODS: We analyzed 178 062 patients with STEMI (52 293 women and 125 769 men) enrolled in the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease registry between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2021. Patients were stratified into and outcomes compared among 3 racial and ethnic groups: non-Hispanic White, Hispanic White, and Black. The primary outcomes were the proportions of patients achieving the following STEMI process metrics: prehospital ECG obtained by emergency medical services; hospital arrival to ECG obtained within 10 minutes for patients not transported by emergency medical services; arrival-to-percutaneous coronary intervention time within 90 minutes; and first medical contact-to-device time within 90 minutes. A secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Analyses were performed separately in women and men, and all outcomes were adjusted for age, comorbidities, acuity of presentation, insurance status, and socioeconomic status measured by social vulnerability index based on patients' county of residence. RESULTS: Compared with non-Hispanic White patients with STEMI, Hispanic White patients and Black patients had lower odds of receiving a prehospital ECG and achieving targets for door-to-ECG, door-to-device, and first medical contact-to-device times. These racial disparities in treatment goals were observed in both women and men, and persisted in most cases after multivariable adjustment. Compared with non-Hispanic White women, Hispanic White women had higher adjusted in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.12-1.72]), whereas Black women did not (odds ratio, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.74-1.03]). Compared with non-Hispanic White men, adjusted in-hospital mortality was similar in Hispanic White men (odds ratio, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.82-1.18]) and Black men (odds ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.85-1.09]). CONCLUSIONS: Race- or ethnicity-based disparities persist in STEMI process metrics in both women and men, and mortality differences are observed in Hispanic White compared with non-Hispanic White women. Further research is essential to evolve systems of care to mitigate racial differences in STEMI outcomes.

[FIRST YEAR EXPERIENCE OF TERTIARY MULTIDISCIPLINARY NEUROTOLOGY (DIZZINESS AND BALANCE) CLINIC].

BACKGROUND: Dizziness is a common condition that accounts for an estimated 5% of primary care clinic visits. The differential diagnosis is extensive, which may involve the inner ear, central and peripheral nervous system and the cardiovascular system among others. While routine cases can be diagnosed and treated with primary (general practitioner) or secondary (otolaryngologists (medicine in the community, there are many cases in which it is advisable to refer patients to a tertiary dizziness clinic. These cases include: unclear diagnosis, lack of improvement after medication or physiotherapy, medical comorbidities in which the central compensation process has been affected, chronic dizziness, bilateral vestibular disorder and more. Therefore, we established a multidisciplinary clinic (MDC) in a tertiary referral center at the Rambam Healthcare Campus. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the first year of the tertiary MDC neurotology clinic. METHODS: Retrospective cohort of all patients examined at the tertiary MDC. RESULTS: The first 123 consecutive patients (62% women) aged 56 years on average (19-85years, ±16) seen in the MDC from October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2021 are reported. Prior to assessment, 79 (64%) patients had been referred by an ENT doctor in the community with an unclear cause of dizziness; 49 (40%) patients experienced ongoing symptoms for years and 61 (50%) patients had dizziness on a daily basis. A total of 56 )46%) patients were found to have a peripheral vestibular cause for their dizziness and 67 (54%) patients had a central or other causes. More than one cause of dizziness and/or imbalance was noted in 20 (36%) of patients. Among the common peripheral vestibular causes were benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere's disease, and the central and functional disorders included vestibular migraine and persistent postural perceptual dizziness (PPPD). The frequency and intensity of symptoms were reduced in 29 patients of the 33 (88%) who underwent vestibular physiotherapy in the MDC as opposed to 8 (50%) patients in the community (p <0.05). Physiotherapy was found to be more effective in patients younger than 65 years old, and with less than six months of symptoms (p <0.05). However, patients with a medical history of neurological or cardiovascular problems are less likely to improve (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A tertiary neurotology clinic of a multidisciplinary team can provide proper care in persistent dizziness and/or unclear diagnosis. Vestibular physiotherapy plays a crucial role in the management of a dizzy patient, and hence it should be started as soon as possible.

Distal Trans-radial Access Compared to Conventional Trans-radial Access in Coronary Interventions: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Distal trans-radial access (dTRA) is a novel technique of arterial cannulation in coronary interventions. The comparative efficacy of dTRA and conventional trans-radial access (TRA) in attenuating peri-procedural complications is unknown. METHODS: Embase and PubMed/MEDLINE were searched from their inception until June 25, 2022, for randomized clinical trials. Outcomes included were radial artery occlusion (RAO), radial artery spasm, hemostasis time, access time, unsuccessful cannulation, crossover rate, and early discharge after trans-radial stenting of coronary arteries (EASY) type I-III hematomas. Statistical analysis was conducted using the random effects model to derive risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 6 randomized clinical trials comprising 3240 patients were included. Subjects were predominantly male (73%) and had a mean age of 66 years. The dTRA group had a lower risk of RAO [RR 0.43 (95% CI, 0.26-0.69); P = 0.0005; I 2 = 0%] and had a shorter hemostasis time [MD -22.85 min (95% CI, -39.06 to -6.65); P = 0.006; I 2 = 99%]. The dTRA group had a higher crossover rate [RR 3.04 (95% CI, 1.88-4.91); P = 0.00001; I 2 = 56%] and a longer access time [MD 0.68 min (95% CI, 0.17-1.18); P = 0.009; I 2 = 99%]. The TRA group had a lower rate of unsuccessful cannulation [RR 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70-0.95); P = 0.01; I 2 = 92%]. There was no significant difference between the groups for radial artery spasm and EASY type I-III hematomas. CONCLUSION: dTRA is a safe alternative to conventional TRA for coronary interventions with a lower risk of RAO. Future trials are required to further compare both approaches.

Multimorbidity, functional impairment, and mortality in older patients stable after prior acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the TIGRIS registry.

BACKGROUND: Data on the association of multimorbidity and functional impairment with cardiovascular (CV) and non-CV outcomes among older myocardial infarction (MI) patients are limited. HYPOTHESIS: Multimorbidity and functional impairment among older MI patients are associated with CV and non-CV mortality. METHODS: Patients aged ≥65 years, 1-3 years post-MI, and enrolled between June 2013 and Novemeber 2014 from 349 sites in 25 countries in the global TIGRIS registry were categorized by age, number of comorbidities, and presence and degree of functional impairment. Functional impairment was calculated using five-dimension EuroQol based on three domains-mobility, self-care, and usual activities. The association between age, number of comorbid conditions, and degree of functional impairment with 2-year incidence of CV and non-CV death was evaluated using Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: Older age was associated with higher number of comorbidities and functional impairment; after adjustment, increasing age was significantly associated with non-CV mortality (p = .03) but not CV mortality (p = .38). Greater functional impairment was associated with a higher rate and relatively equal magnitude risk of CV (rate ratios [RR] 1.52, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.29-1.79, per one-step increase) and non-CV mortality (RR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.17-1.73). Multimorbidity was more strongly associated with CV mortality (RR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.38-1.67, per additional comorbidity) versus non-CV mortality (RR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.14-1.47, per additional comorbidity). CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity and functional impairment are prevalent among older post-MI patients and are associated with increased CV and non-CV mortality. These findings highlight the importance of considering comorbid conditions and functional impairment as predictors of risk for adverse outcomes and aspects of medical decision making. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT01866904.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Severe Symptomatic Aortic Stenosis in Rheumatic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is well-established for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS), but its use in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) has been limited. We systematically review the use of TAVR for severe symptomatic AS in RHD. Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for TAVR for symptomatic severe AS and proven or suspected RHD. Procedure characteristics, efficacy, and safety endpoints were collected and all definitions were based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) criteria. We included 3 case series and 12 case reports, with a total of 43 patients. Mean age was 76 years, 75% were female, and 85% had NYHA class III-IV symptoms. Follow up ranged from 1 to 29 months. Patients were moderate to high risk, with Society of Thoracic Surgery score ranging from 6.1% to 17.6%. The approach was transfemoral in 30 (83%) cases. Procedural success occurred in 37 (86%) patients. Of the 7 patients with periprocedural complications, 4 had valve dislodgement, 1 deployment failure, 1 unplanned cardiopulmonary bypass, and 1 moderate aortic regurgitation. Paravalvular leak was reported in 5 (11.6%) patients. Only 1 patient had heart block requiring pacemaker. Among 13 studies (23 patients), 30-day mortality was 0%. One case series with 19 patients had a 30-day, 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year mortality of 5%, 11%, 31%, and 48%, respectively. TAVR appears feasible for selected patients with rheumatic severe AS, albeit our results indicate a 14% incidence of device failure. Future randomized clinical trials may clarify the role of TAVR in this group.

Cerebral Embolic Protection During Transseptal Biopsy of Left Atrial Mass.

Diagnostic biopsy of a left atrial mass is technically feasible but has the risk of tumor embolization causing stroke or seeding. In this case report, we highlight the technical steps for left atrial mass biopsy under transesophageal echocardiography guidance by using cerebral embolic protection. Pathologic examination disclosed low-grade B-cell lymphoma. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Key Concepts Surrounding Cardiogenic Shock.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the final common pathway of impaired cardiovascular performance that results in ineffective forward cardiac output producing clinical and biochemical signs of organ hypoperfusion. CS represents the most common cause of shock in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) and accounts for a substantial proportion of CICU patient deaths. Despite significant advances in revascularization techniques, pharmacologic therapeutics and mechanical support devices, CS remains associated with a high mortality rate. Indeed, the prevalence of CS within the CICU appears to be increasing. CS can be differentiated as phenotypes reflecting different metabolic, inflammatory, and hemodynamic profiles, depending also on anatomic substrate and congestion profile. Future prospective studies and clinical trials may further characterize these phenotypes and apply targeted intervention for each phenotype and SCAI SHOCK stage rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Overall, there are 8 key concepts of CS; 1) the mortality associated with CS; 2) Shock attributed to AMI may be declining in both incidence and associated mortality; 3) providers should think about hemodynamic, metabolic, inflammation and cardiac function in totality to assess CS; 4) CS is a dynamic process; 5) no randomized trials evaluating use of the PAC in patients with CS; 6) most data supporting neosynephrine as first line agent in CS; 7) most registries suggest that almost half of CS patients do not have any mechanical support, and the vast majority of the remainder utilize the IABP; and 8) patients with AMI CS should receive emergent PCI of the culprit vessel.

The Heart Team for Coronary Revascularization Decisions: 2 Illustrative Cases.

The 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI coronary artery disease revascularization guideline highlights the importance of the multidisciplinary heart team in making patient-centered, evidence-based clinical decisions for patients considered for coronary revascularization. We present 2 cases highlighting aspects of heart team decision making for complex patients with coronary artery disease. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.).

Procedural Effectiveness With a Focused Force Scoring Angioplasty Catheter: Procedural and Clinical Outcomes From the Scoreflex NC Trial.

BACKGROUND: The Scoreflex NC scoring angioplasty catheter is designed with a short rapid-exchange tip distal to a non-compliant, high-pressure balloon and an integral wire outside of the balloon, such that the guidewire and the integral wire act as scoring elements during balloon inflation. The external scoring elements enable a focal stress pattern facilitating expansion of resistant lesions at lower pressures using a focused force angioplasty effect. METHODS: Patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled in a prospective, single-arm study conducted at 12 centers in the United States. The primary endpoint was device procedural success, defined as the composite of successful device delivery to the target lesion with balloon inflation and deflation; absence of vessel perforation, flow-limiting dissection or reduction in TIMI flow from baseline; and achievement of final TIMI 3 flow. RESULTS: Among 200 patients (234 lesions), lesion complexities included: bifurcation disease (37.6%), moderate/severe calcification (36.6%), and total occlusions (5.0%). Successful delivery to the target lesion, inflation and removal of the balloon catheter was achieved in 95.5% of patients (191/200). Procedural success was achieved in 93.5% (187/200) of patients, and final TIMI 3 flow was observed in 99.0% of cases (198/200). No unanticipated device-related events occurred. In-hospital major adverse events were reported in 4.5% of patients (9/200), related to periprocedural myocardial infarction (8/200, 4.0%) and target lesion revascularization (1/200, 0.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing elective PCI and with varied lesion complexity, these results support the safety and effectiveness of a dilation strategy using the Scoreflex NC scoring catheter.

Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Chronic Total Occlusions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a high prevalence of coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to characterize outcomes after CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients without or with DM. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were queried for studies comparing non-DM vs. DM patients undergoing attempted CTO PCI. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at longest follow-up (at least 6 months). Secondary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) which is a composite endpoint including myocardial infarction, cardiac or all-cause mortality and any revascularization in patients after CTO PCI, target vessel revascularization (TVR), myocardial infarction (MI), Japanese chronic total occlusion (J-CTO) score and prevalence of multivessel (MV) CTO disease. We used a random effects model to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Sixteen studies, including 2 randomized control trials and 14 observational studies, met inclusion criteria. At longest follow-up, all-cause mortality (OR 0.54 [95% CI 0.37-0.80], p < 0.0001) and MACE (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.72-0.93], p < 0.00001) were significantly lower in non-DM CTO patients. MV CTO disease was less prevalent in patients without DM (OR 0.80 [95% CI 0.69-0.93], p = 0.004). However, there were no differences in MI, TVR and J-CTO score. CONCLUSIONS: Non-diabetics undergoing CTO PCI have lower all-cause mortality and MACE than diabetics. Future research may determine if DM control improves diabetics' CTO PCI outcomes.

2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.

AIM: The executive summary of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions coronary artery revascularization guideline provides the top 10 items readers should know about the guideline. In the full guideline, the recommendations replace the 2011 coronary artery bypass graft surgery guideline and the 2011 and 2015 percutaneous coronary intervention guidelines. This summary offers a patient-centric approach to guide clinicians in the treatment of patients with significant coronary artery disease undergoing coronary revascularization, as well as the supporting documentation to encourage their use. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from May 2019 to September 2019, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaboration, CINHL Complete, and other relevant databases. Additional relevant studies, published through May 2021, were also considered. Structure: Recommendations from the earlier percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass graft surgery guidelines have been updated with new evidence to guide clinicians in caring for patients undergoing coronary revascularization. This summary includes recommendations, tables, and figures from the full guideline that relate to the top 10 take-home messages. The reader is referred to the full guideline for graphical flow charts, supportive text, and tables with additional details about the rationale for and implementation of each recommendation, and the evidence tables detailing the data considered in the development of this guideline.