[Quality assessment of treatment associated with abortion: a prototype questionnaire for health services users]. / Avaliação da qualidade da atenção ao aborto: protótipo de questionário para usuárias de serviços de saúde.

Little research in Brazil has focused on the quality of care following unsafe abortion. This article presents the first step in the development of an instrument to assess hospital care provided by the Brazilian Unified National Health System in three cities of Brazil. Along with related criteria, four key dimensions of care were defined: wellcome and guidance, technical quality of care, continuity of care, and supplies and physical environment. The authors performed a cross-cultural adaptation of a set of items proposed by the World Health Organization. Following an assessment of the dimensions and criteria not captured by this set, the researchers decided to adapt questions from related studies and to add others developed by the research team itself. The questionnaire was pretested in 52 patients from three cities to assess the acceptance, understanding, and time of application and to make final adjustments. The instrument totaled 55 items organized according to different stages of care. Its expanded use depends on subsequent psychometric assessments, currently underway.

Infant mortality: comparison between two birth cohorts from Southeast and Northeast, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age <18 years (RR=2.62 vs 2.59) were risk factors for infant mortality in the two cities. Inadequate prenatal care (RR=2.00) and male sex (RR=1.79) were risk factors in São Luís only, and a dwelling with 5 or more residents was a protective factor (RR=0.53). In Ribeirão Preto, maternal smoking was associated with infant mortality (RR=2.64). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to socioeconomic inequalities, differences in access to and quality of medical care between cities had an impact on infant mortality rates.

Infant mortality: comparison between two birth cohorts from Southeast and Northeast, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Obter estimativas populacionais e fatores de risco de mortalidade infantil em coortes de nascimentos e comparar esses fatores entre cidades de diferentes regiões do País. MÉTODOS: Em Ribeirão Preto, SP, a mortalidade infantil foi avaliada em 1/3 dos nascidos vivos hospitalares (2.846 partos únicos) em 1994. Em São Luís, MA, foi feita amostragem sistemática de partos estratificada por maternidade (2.443 partos únicos) em 1997/98. As mães responderam a questionários padronizados logo após o parto e as informações sobre os óbitos foram coletadas nos hospitais, nos cartórios e nas secretarias estaduais de saúde. Risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento foram estimados pela regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil (CMI) em São Luís foi 26,6/1.000 nascidos vivos, o coeficiente de mortalidade neonata (CMN)l 18,4/1.000 e o coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal (CMPN) 8,2/1.000, valores superiores aos de Ribeirão Preto, com CMI 16,9/1.000, CMN 10,9/1.000,CMPN 6,0/1.000. Na análise ajustada, nas duas cidades, natimorto prévio (RR=3,67 vs 4,13) e idade materna <18 anos (RR=2,62 vs 2,59) foram fatores de risco para a mortalidade infantil. Apenas em São Luís, o pré-natal inadequado (RR=2,00) e o sexo masculino (RR=1,79) foram fatores de risco, e domicílios com 5 ou mais moradores foram fatores protetores (RR=0,53). Em Ribeirão Preto, o hábito materno de fumar foi associado à mortalidade infantil (RR=2,64). CONCLUSÕES: Além de desigualdades socioeconômicas, diferenças no acesso e na qualidade da atenção médica entre as cidades influenciaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil.

Young maternal age and preterm birth.

The association between young maternal age and preterm birth (PTB) remains controversial. In some studies the association disappeared after controlling for socio-economic and reproductive factors, thus indicating that social disadvantage rather than biological factors may be the explanation. However, in other studies the association persisted after adjustment. The relation between young maternal age and PTB was studied in a city located in Brazil, an underdeveloped country, where the prevalence of teenage pregnancy was high, 29%. A systematic sampling of 2541 hospital births, stratified by hospital, was performed in São Luís, Northeast Brazil, from March 1997 to February 1998. The risks of PTB for infants born to two groups of young mothers (<18 and 18-19 years) were calculated with and without adjustment for confounding factors (family income, marital status, mode of delivery, parity, health insurance, and short maternal stature) in a logistic regression model, using mothers 25-29 years of age as the reference group. In the unadjusted analysis, the risk of PTB was higher for mothers < 18 years [odds ratio (OR) = 2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.64, 3.57]. Those aged 18 or 19 years were not at a higher risk of PTB (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.58, 1.38). After adjustment, the risk of PTB for mothers < 18 years was lower but remained significant after controlling for confounding (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.11, 2.60). After performing a stratified analysis according to parity, the risk of PTB among very young primiparae (<18 years) remained significant (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.02, 3.08), whereas the risk among non-primiparous adolescents was not significantly higher than the risk among mothers in the reference group. This suggests that the association between young maternal age and PTB may have a biological basis or an artifactual explanation (errors in gestational age estimation may be more common among very young mothers) or may be due to residual confounding.

[Factors associated with inadequacy of prenatal care utilization]. / Fatores associados à inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with inadequacy of prenatal care utilization in urban community. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a systematic sample stratified by maternity hospital, consisting of hospital births in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil, was carried out from March 1997 to February 1998. Socioeconomic and demographic factors, reproductive health, morbidity during pregnancy, and utilization of prenatal care services were studied. Mothers answered a standardized questionnaire before hospital discharge. The adequacy of prenatal care utilization was analyzed by means of two indexes: APNCU (Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization) and a new index based on the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. RESULTS: There were interviewed 2,831 women who delivered at 10 public and private maternity hospitals. The inadequacy of prenatal care utilization was 49.2% according to the APNCU index and 24.5% when determined by the Brazilian index. Prenatal care at public services, low maternal schooling, low income, having no partner, and absence of maternal diseases during pregnancy were associated with inadequacy of prenatal care use according to both indexes. High parity and maternal age of 35 years or more were also associated with inadequacy, whereas primiparity, morbidity, and young maternal age (<20 years) seemed to protect from inadequacy when the Brazilian index was used. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care showed low coverage in the municipality of São Luís. The inadequacy of prenatal care utilization was associated with several factors linked to social inequality.

Fatores associados à inadequaçäo do uso da assistência pré-natal / Factors associated with inadequacy of prenatal care utilization

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à inadequaçäo do uso da assistência pré-natal em comunidade urbana. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal em amostra sistemática, estratificada por maternidades, de todos os nascimentos hospitalares do município de Säo Luís, MA, no período de março de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998. Foram avaliados indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos, de saúde reprodutiva, morbidade na gravidez e utilizaçäo de serviços pré-natais. Utilizou-se questionário padronizado respondido pelas puérperas antes da alta hospitalar. A adequaçäo do uso da assistência pré-natal foi analisada pelo índice "Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization" (APNCU) e por um novo índice proposto, baseado nas recomendaçöes do Ministério da Saúde, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 2.831 puérperas, atendidas em dez unidades de saúde pública e privada. A inadequaçäo do uso da assistência pré-natal foi de 49,2por cento pelo índice APNCU, e de 24,5por cento pelo novo índice proposto. Mulheres atendidas em serviços públicos de saúde, de baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar, sem companheiro ou com doença durante a gravidez, tiveram maiores percentuais de inadequaçäo do uso do atendimento pré-natal, pelos dois índices analisados. Pelo novo índice proposto, maiores percentuais de inadequaçäo foram associados à alta paridade e idade materna, enquanto baixa idade materna (<20 anos), ocorrência de doença durante a gravidez e primiparidade sugerem proteçäo contra a inadequaçäo. CONCLUSOES: O atendimento pré-natal em Säo Luís do Maranhäo apresentou baixa cobertura. A inadequaçäo do uso da assistência esteve associada a vários fatores indicativos da persistência de desigualdade social