Subject(s)
Aging , Cloning, Organism , Nuclear Transfer Techniques , Aging/genetics , Aging/physiology , Aging, Premature , Animals , Female , Mice , Oocytes/cytology , TelomereABSTRACT
We showed previously that p34(cdc2)/cyclin B (MPF) hyperphosphorylates poly(A) polymerase (PAP) during M-phase of the cell cycle, causing repression of its enzymatic activity. Mutation of three cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) consensus sites in the PAP C-terminal regulatory domain prevented complete phosphorylation and MPF-mediated repression. Here we show that PAP also contains four nearby non-consensus cdk sites that are phosphorylated by MPF. Remarkably, full phosphorylation of all these cdk sites was required for repression of PAP activity, and partial phosphorylation had no detectable effect. The consensus sites were phosphorylated in vitro at a 10-fold lower concentration of MPF than the non-consensus sites. Consistent with this, during meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes, consensus sites were phosphorylated prior to the non-consensus sites at metaphase of meiosis I, and remained so throughout maturation, while the non-consensus sites did not become fully phosphorylated until after 12 h of metaphase II arrest. We propose that PAP's multiple cdk sites, and their differential sensitivity to MPF, provide a mechanism to link repression specifically to late M-phase. We discuss the possibility that this reflects a general means to control the timing of cdk-dependent regulatory events during the cell cycle.
Subject(s)
CDC2 Protein Kinase/metabolism , Consensus Sequence , Cyclin B/metabolism , Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase/antagonists & inhibitors , Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Binding Sites , Cattle , Cell Differentiation , Humans , Maturation-Promoting Factor/physiology , Meiosis , Mesothelin , Mice , Mitosis , Molecular Sequence Data , Oocytes/cytology , Phosphorylation , Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase/genetics , XenopusABSTRACT
The poly(A) tail found on almost all eukaryotic messenger RNAs is important in enhancing translation initiation and determining mRNA stability. Control of poly(A)-tail synthesis thus has the potential to be a key regulatory step in gene expression and is indeed known to be important during early development in many organisms. To study a possible basis for such regulation, we examined phosphorylation of poly(A) polymerase (PAP) by p34(cdc2)/cyclin B (maturation/mitosis-promoting factor, MPF). We show here that PAP can be phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by MPF. Consistent with this, PAP becomes hyperphosphorylated both during meiotic maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes and in HeLa cells arrested at M phase, times in the cell-cycle when MPF is known to be active. We show further that hyperphosphorylation by MPF dramatically reduces the activity of purified PAP, and that PAP isolated from mitotic HeLa cells is similarly inhibited by hyperphosphorylation. This repression probably contributes to the well established reductions in poly(A)+ RNA and/or protein synthesis known to occur in M-phase cells.
