Human brain mapping using co-registered fUS, fMRI and ESM during awake brain surgeries: A proof-of-concept study.

Accurate, depth-resolved functional imaging is key in both understanding and treatment of the human brain. A new sonography-based imaging technique named functional Ultrasound (fUS) uniquely combines high sensitivity with submillimeter-subsecond spatiotemporal resolution available in large fields-of-view. In this proof-of-concept study we show that: (A) fUS reveals the same eloquent regions as found by fMRI while concomitantly visualizing in-vivo microvascular morphology underlying these functional hemodynamics and (B) fUS-based functional maps are confirmed by Electrocortical Stimulation Mapping (ESM), the current gold-standard in awake neurosurgical practice. This unique cross-modality experiment was performed using motor, visual and language-related functional tasks in patients undergoing awake brain tumor resection. The current work serves as an important milestone towards further maturity of fUS as well as a novel avenue to increase our understanding of hemodynamics-based functional brain imaging.

Human uteroglobin gene: structure, subchromosomal localization, and polymorphism.

Human uteroglobin (hUG) or Clara cell 10-kD protein (cc10 kDa) is a steroid-dependent, immunomodulatory, cytokine-like protein. It is secreted by mucosal epithelial cells of all vertebrates studied. The cDNA encoding hUG and the 5' promoter region of the gene have been characterized previously. Here, we report that the structure of the entire hUG gene is virtually identical to those of rabbit, rat, and mouse. It is localized on human chromosome 11q12.3-13.1, a region in which several important candidate disease genes have been mapped by linkage analyses. Our data indicate that candidate genes for atopic (allergic) asthma and Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy are in closest proximity to the hUG gene. To determine whether hUG gene mutation may be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, we studied two isolated groups of patients, each afflicted with either atopy or Best's disease, respectively. We detected a single base-pair change in the hUG gene in Best's disease patients and normal controls but no such change was detected in atopy patients. This alteration in hUG gene-sequence in Best disease family appears to be a polymorphism. Although the results of our investigation did not uncover mutations in hUG gene that could be causally related to the pathogenesis of either of these diseases, its conservation throughout vertebrate phyla implies that this gene is of physiological importance. Moreover, the close proximity of this gene to several candidate disease genes makes it an important chromosomal marker in cloning and characterization of those genes.