ABSTRACT
The HLA-DRB1*13:204 allele differs from HLA*13:64 by two nucleotide substitutions at positions 181 and 189 in the exon 2.
Subject(s)
Alleles , HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics , Point Mutation , Registries , Base Sequence , Brazil , Codon , Exons , Genotype , HLA-DRB1 Chains/immunology , Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , Histocompatibility Testing , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Unrelated DonorsABSTRACT
This study investigated the epidemiological factors that contribute to the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. in children from Paraná state, Brazil. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to T. gondii were detected using indirect immunofluorescence, and IgG antibodies to Toxocara were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For each individual, a questionnaire was completed that contained epidemiological and clinical data. The data analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression. Of the 544 children investigated, 3.2% presented co-infection with T. gondii and Toxocara spp. Of this total, 7.4% were positive for antibodies to T. gondii, and 25% were positive for antibodies to Toxocara spp. The presence of antibodies to Toxocara spp. increased the risk of T. gondii infection (P = 0.029). Children who were 1-8 years of age were less infected by T. gondii than those who were 9-12 years of age. The variables that influenced positivity for anti-Toxocara spp. were the origin of the children and contact with sand. Children with positive serology for Toxocara spp. presented more eosinophilia compared with those with non-reactive serology. Infection with both parasites reveals the need for preventive measures, such as guidance about modes of infection, parasite control and monitoring recreational areas.
Subject(s)
Toxocariasis/epidemiology , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiology , Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Infant , Logistic Models , Male , Risk Factors , Toxocara/immunology , Toxoplasma/immunology , Toxoplasmosis/bloodABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the contamination by eggs of Toxocara in sandy areas or grass lawns of outdoor recreation areas that are used by children, and the frequency of seroprevalence in children, from three cities of fewer than 45,000 inhabitants in Paraná, Brazil. From May 2005 to December 2007, five samples were taken from each of 13 sandy sites and 18 grass lawns, all from plazas and public schools. Blood samples from children aged 0-12 years were analysed by immunoassay for anti-Toxocara IgG. The soil samples were processed by floatation and sedimentation. Eggs of Toxocara spp. were present in 44.7% (38/85) of the samples from grassed areas and in 21.4% (15/70) of the sand samples. The lawns were 2.16 times more contaminated than the sand (P = 0.0009). However, the epidemiological variables showed no statistically significant difference between seropositive (36.8%; 130/353), and seronegative children. The rate of seropositivity was higher in children aged 0-5 years (P = 0.03), who were 1.94 times more likely to develop persistent wheezing (P = 0.02).
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Helminth/blood , Soil/parasitology , Toxascariasis/epidemiology , Toxocara/immunology , Toxocara/isolation & purification , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Urban PopulationABSTRACT
In the present study, the initial developmental stage of Toxocara canis eggs and larvae, and number of recovered larvae from BALB/c mouse-infected organs are described. In vitro culture of T. canis detects the frequencies of interphasic, mitotic and embryonated eggs only within a 7-day period. Analysis by egg counting was carried out for 32 days. The results showed that at 7 days after cultivation, the frequency of larvae was 50.4% and that this frequency reached 52.8% in 32 days. In the experimental infection of BALB/c mice with T. canis, the number of recovered larvae statistically increased in the brain and liver, with doses of approximately 200 and 1000 eggs. After 7 days of infection, a larger number of larvae were obtained in the lung and liver, although a maximum amount was found in the brain after a 15- or 30-day post-infection period.
Subject(s)
Toxocara canis/growth & development , Toxocariasis/parasitology , Animals , Brain/parasitology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Larva/growth & development , Liver/parasitology , Lung/parasitology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Parasite Egg Count , Time FactorsABSTRACT
In the present study, the initial developmental stage of Toxocara canis eggs and larvae, and number of recovered larvae from BALB/c mouse-infected organs are described. In vitro culture of T. canis detects the frequencies of interphasic, mitotic and embryonated eggs only within a 7-day period. Analysis by egg counting was carried out for 32 days. The results showed that at 7 days after cultivation, the frequency of larvae was 50.4% and that this frequency reached 52.8% in 32 days. In the experimental infection of BALB/c mice with T. canis, the number of recovered larvae statistically increased in the brain and liver, with doses of approximately 200 and 1000 eggs. After 7 days of infection, a larger number of larvae were obtained in the lung and liver, although a maximum amount was found in the brain after a 15- or 30-day post-infection period.
