Otolaryngology residency program factors associated with female resident representation.

Objective: Female representation in the field of otolaryngology is lacking. Residency is the first point at which medical school graduates specialize in a chosen field and thus represents an opportunity to recruit and train more female otolaryngologists. This study sought to identify program factors associated with greater female representation among resident physicians. Methods: Departmental websites of all 124 otolaryngology residency programs in the United States and Puerto Rico were examined for a list of residents. For programs with a resident roster available, the genders of residents, faculty, program directors, and chairpersons were recorded. Location and city population for each program was also recorded, as was female resident representation. Programs were compared using Pearson Chi-squared univariate tests. Results: 1,632 residents and 2,605 faculty were included in the analysis of 109 programs. The median female resident representation was 40%. Programs with larger faculty sizes, more female faculty, and urban location were associated with an above-median female resident representation. Programs with a larger residency cohort approached significance regarding above-median female resident representation. Higher female faculty representation, program director gender, chairperson gender, and US region were not associated with variation in female resident representation. Conclusions: Greater female otolaryngology residency representation was associated with programs having an urban location and greater numbers of female and total faculty. It was also likely that a larger resident cohort size may affect female resident representation. The proportions of female faculty, program director, and chairperson gender, as well as the US region, were not associated with variation in female resident gender representation.

Salvage Cryoablation for Local Recurrences of Thyroid Cancer Inseparable from the Trachea and Neurovascular Structures.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of cryoablation of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer ineligible for reoperation because of scarring, eligible for focal ablation as defined within 2015 American Thyroid Association guideline sections C16 and C17. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With multidisciplinary consensus, cryoablation was performed with curative intent for 15 tumors in 10 patients between January 2019 and July 2021. Demographics, procedural details, and serial postprocedural imaging findings were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age was 72.5 years (range, 57-88 years), and 80% of the patients were women. The tumors (mean size, 16 mm ± 6; range, 9-29 mm) received 1 session of cryoablation with 100% technical success. The mean and median postcryoablation tumor volumetric involution rates were 88% and 99%, respectively, with 9 (60%) of 15 tumors involuting completely or down to the scar and 6 (40%) involuting partially at the end of the study period. Tumor size did not increase after cryoablation (0% local progression rate). All tumors abutted the trachea, skin, and/or vascular structures, and hydrodissection failed in all cases because of scarring. The major adverse event rate was 20% (3/15), with 2 cases of voice change and 1 case of Horner syndrome; all resolved at 6 months with no permanent sequelae. No vascular, tracheal, dermal, or infectious adverse events occurred during a mean follow-up of 242 days (range, 114-627 days). One patient died at 386 days after cryoablation because of unrelated cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Cryoablation of local recurrences of papillary thyroid cancer abutting the trachea and/or neurovascular structures in the setting of hydrodissection failure because of scarring yielded a mean volumetric involution of 88%, primary efficacy of 60%, and objective response rate of 100% with no local recurrences or permanent complications during a mean follow-up of 242 days. The secondary efficacy and longer-term outcomes remain forthcoming.

A Retrospective Study of Lymph Node Yield in Lateral Neck Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Lateral neck dissection (LND) is important in managing papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between lymph node yield (LNY) for LND and patient outcomes, specifically postoperative serum thyroglobulin levels (sTG) and radioiodine uptake on thyroid scan, and to estimate a threshold LNY to signify adequate LND. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with PTC who underwent LND from 2006 to 2015 at a single institution were included. Linear regression with restricted cubic splines was used to characterize the association of LNY with outcomes. Outcomes were log-transformed to achieve a more symmetric distribution prior to regression. For nonlinear associations, a Monte Carlo Markov Chain procedure was used to estimate a threshold LNY associated with postoperative outcome. This threshold was then used to define high LNY versus low LNY in the subsequent analyses. RESULTS: In total, 107 adult patients were included. There was a significant relationship between LNY and postoperative sTG level (P = .004), but not radioiodine uptake (P = .64). An LNY of 42.96 was identified, which was associated with the maximum change in sTG level. No association was found between LNY groups (LNY ≥ 43 vs < 43) and radioiodine uptake, risk of complication, or longer operative times (all P > .05). High LNY was associated with a decrease in log(sTG) (estimate = -1.855, P = .03), indicating that adequacy of LND is associated with an 84.4% decrease in sTG. CONCLUSION: These results suggest an association between LNY and postoperative sTG level, with an estimated threshold of 43 nodes. This has implications for adequate therapeutic LND; additional work is needed to validate thresholds for clinical practice.

Treatment of Vocal Fold Polyps with In-Office Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (KTP) Laser Ablation in Professional Singers.

Vocal fold polyp (VFP) is an exophytic gelatinous lesion with an atrophic epithelium. After behavioral and conservative management, phonomicrosurgery is the treatment of choice for VFPs with excellent outcomes in terms of lesion resolution and postoperative vocal function. Office-based potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser ablation is a new treatment modality for VFPs but its efficacy for professional singers has yet to be validated. Reported is a consecutive series of six professional singers (with seven episodes of VFP) who, based on patient and provider preference, underwent in-office KTP laser ablation of VFP. Two polyps required two ablation procedures; otherwise, a single treatment was successful in resolution of VFP at a mean resolution time of 44 days. Singing voice handicap index 10 improved from a mean of 30.8 (range 4-40) to 6.0 (range 0-22). All patients resumed their professional singing careers without vocal limitations. Posttreatment videos were reviewed by three blinded fellowship trained laryngologists, who were not able to accurately predict the laterality of the polyp (52% correct, p = 0.99).

Subglottic stenosis: An evaluation of an elderly treatment-seeking population.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate the demographics, etiology, intraoperative findings, and treatment outcomes of patients with subglottic stenosis (SGS), comparing those patients aged <65 years to an elderly population aged ≥65 years. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Nine-year retrospective review of patients with SGS. Forty-eight adults presented for evaluation and treatment of SGS between January 2008 and December 2016. At the time of presentation, 41 were aged <65 years and seven were aged ≥65 years. RESULTS: Comparing the aged <65 years group to the aged ≥65 years group, the etiology was idiopathic SGS in 50.0% versus 42.8%, intubation-related SGS in 22.5% versus 28.6%, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis in 27.5% versus 28.6%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was noted in the two groups when comparing the demographics, etiology, treatment, intraoperative findings, or intertreatment interval (ITI). CONCLUSIONS: We sought to analyze an older patient population with SGS and found no statistically significant differences compared to a younger population. ITI trended toward older patients requiring surgery more frequently but was not significant. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 129:1155-1158, 2019.

Epiglottic cyst causing dysphagia and impending airway obstruction.

Laryngeal cysts are relatively rare benign lesions of the larynx. Congenital cysts can cause neonatal respiratory distress and death, but airway obstruction due to acquired cysts in adults is rare. We present a case report of 51-year-old male with dysphagia who was found to have a mobile pedunculated epiglottic cyst that intermittently caused partial obstruction of the laryngeal inlet. Patient was taken to operating room and following transoral fiberoptic intubation, endoscopic excision of this cyst was accomplished. Patient's postoperative course was uneventful.

Delayed treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from struma ovarii in a patient with history of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: We present a case of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from struma ovarii treated erroneously as ovarian adenocarcinoma for more than 3 years. METHODS: We report clinical, surgical, laboratory, and imaging findings of the study patient and review the relevant literature. RESULTS: A 64-year-old woman was treated for ovarian adenocarcinoma for more than 3 years before it was determined that she likely had papillary thyroid carcinoma arising from struma ovarii. This is the first reported case of thyroid carcinoma arising from struma ovarii in a patient with a history of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Possible etiologies include residual ovarian tissue after oophorectomy, ectopic thyroid, or metastatic thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to include struma ovarii and thyroid carcinoma arising from struma ovarii in the differential diagnosis, even with a history of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. This case emphasizes the importance of effective communication among the pathologist, oncologist, and surgeon to ensure timely initiation of appropriate therapy and reduced patient morbidity.

Conservation of structure and protein-protein interactions mediated by the secreted mycobacterial proteins EsxA, EsxB, and EspA.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxA and EsxB proteins are founding members of the WXG100 (WXG) protein family, characterized by their small size (approximately 100 amino acids) and conserved WXG amino acid motif. M. tuberculosis contains 11 tandem pairs of WXG genes; each gene pair is thought to be coexpressed to form a heterodimer. The precise role of these proteins in the biology of M. tuberculosis is unknown, but several of the heterodimers are secreted, which is important for virulence. However, WXG proteins are not simply virulence factors, since nonpathogenic mycobacteria also express and secrete these proteins. Here we show that three WXG heterodimers have structures and properties similar to those of the M. tuberculosis EsxBA (MtbEsxBA) heterodimer, regardless of their host species and apparent biological function. Biophysical studies indicate that the WXG proteins from M. tuberculosis (EsxG and EsxH), Mycobacterium smegmatis (EsxA and EsxB), and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (EsxA and EsxB) are heterodimers and fold into a predominately alpha-helical structure. An in vivo protein-protein interaction assay was modified to identify proteins that interact specifically with the native WXG100 heterodimer. MtbEsxA and MtbEsxB were fused into a single polypeptide, MtbEsxBA, to create a biomimetic bait for the native heterodimer. The MtbEsxBA bait showed specific association with several esx-1-encoded proteins and EspA, a virulence protein secreted by ESX-1. The MtbEsxBA fusion peptide was also utilized to identify residues in both EsxA and EsxB that are important for establishing protein interactions with Rv3871 and EspA. Together, the results are consistent with a model in which WXG proteins perform similar biological roles in virulent and nonvirulent species.