ABSTRACT
Long-term consumption of beetroot juice on efficacy of converting dietary nitrate to plasma nitrate and nitrite was investigated. Adults were randomized to consume either beetroot juice with 380 mg of nitrate (BR) or a beetroot juice placebo (PL) for 12-weeks. Plasma nitrate and nitrite were measured before and 90-minutes after consuming their intervention beverage. Percent change in nitrite across the 90 min was greater in BR (273.2 ± 39.9%) vs. PL (4.9 ± 36.9%). Long-term consumption of nitrate containing beetroot juice increased fasting nitrate and nitrite plasma levels compared to baseline.
Subject(s)
Nitrates , Nitrites , Nitrates/therapeutic use , Dietary Supplements , Fruit and Vegetable Juices , Antioxidants , Cross-Over Studies , Double-Blind Method , Blood PressureABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Combat-exposed veterans risk encountering events that disrupt beliefs. To facilitate reduced discrepancy between prior beliefs and current trauma appraisals, veterans may engage in a process of meaning-making. Meaning-making can lead to positive outcomes, such as integrating the traumatic event into one's life narrative or adapting global meaning (meaning made) or elicit distress. Given these potentially different outcomes, this study examined potential correlates of posttraumatic stress symptom (PTSS) severity and meaning made, including relationship attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance, and difficulties with emotion regulation, while controlling for combat exposure. METHOD: Veterans receiving mental health services at a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and a VA community-based outpatient clinic (N = 130) completed measures through a paper-and-pencil survey. Almost all participants (92%) were male, with a mean age of 55.92 years. RESULTS: In terms of meaning made, lower levels of attachment anxiety and emotional clarity (an aspect of emotion regulation) predicted higher meaning made. In terms of PTSS severity, higher attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety, and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior (an aspect of emotion regulation) significantly predicted higher PTSS severity. CONCLUSION: Aspects of both attachment style and emotion regulation difficulties affect meaning made and PTSS severity. These constructs may be especially relevant for clinicians working with veterans to help PTSS and support meaning made postcombat.
Subject(s)
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Veterans , Male , Humans , Middle Aged , Female , Veterans/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Anxiety , Emotions , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235047.].
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Nitrate (NO3-), through its conversion to nitrite (NO2-) and nitric oxide, has been shown to increase exercise tolerance in healthy younger adults and older diseased patients. Nitrate's effect in well-trained middle to older-aged adults has not been studied. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a NO3- rich beverage on submaximal constant work rate exercise time in well-trained middle to older-aged adults. METHODS: This was a randomized controlled cross-over trial with 15 well-trained middle to older-aged adults, 41-64 year-old, who received one of two treatments (NO3- rich beverage then placebo or placebo then NO3- rich beverage), after which an exercise test at 75 percent of the subject's maximal work rate was completed. RESULTS: The NO3- rich beverage increased plasma NO3- and NO2- levels by 260 µM and 0.47 µM, respectively (p<0.001). Exercise time was not significantly different (p = 0.31) between the NO3- rich versus placebo conditions (1130±151 vs 1060±132 sec, respectively). Changes in exercise time between the two conditions ranged from a 55% improvement to a 40% decrease with the NO3- rich beverage. Oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were not significantly different between the two conditions. CONCLUSION: In middle to older-aged well-trained adults, NO3- supplementation has non-significant, albeit highly variable, effects on exercise tolerance. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03371966.
