Comparing COPD treatment: nebulizer, metered dose inhaler, and concomitant therapy.

PURPOSE: Patients using albuterol and ipratropium for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can use either nebulizers or metered dose inhalers. This study compared the 2 methods of delivering medication and the concomitant use of both nebulizer and inhaler, with respect to health-related quality of life, patient symptoms, and efficacy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients over 50 years old with COPD were randomized into 3 groups: nebulizer, inhaler, or concomitant treatment. Quality of life was assessed using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire at baseline, and at 6 and 12 weeks. Other efficacy measurements at these time-points included pre- and post-dose forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1). Symptom scores and peak flow measurements were recorded in patient diaries. RESULTS: Of 140 patients enrolled, 126 completed at least one post-baseline assessment. At week 6, both groups using a nebulizer achieved statistically significant improvements from baseline in questionnaire symptoms, and the concomitant treatment group had clinically and statistically significant improvement in total questionnaire score. At week 12, the concomitant group still maintained significant improvement in symptom sub-scores. The 3 groups showed little change over time in peak flow or FEV1, with no significant difference among groups. Both groups using a nebulizer had significant improvement over time in diary symptom scores, although differences between groups were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Patients using combined nebulizer therapy morning and night with mid-day inhaler use had the most statistically significant improvements in quality of life indices. This concomitant regimen provides the additional symptom relief offered by a nebulizer with the convenience of an inhaler when patients are away from home.

The impact of managed eye care on use of vision services, vision costs, and patient satisfaction.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the impact of introducing a managed vision benefit program on the use and costs of vision services in a managed care setting and also to assess satisfaction with those services after the program was introduced. METHODS: Utilization and costs were compared for two groups of patients. The comparison group (n = 36,168) included all patients enrolled for 18 months before implementation of the managed eye-care plan. The study group (n = 23,816) included those enrolled for 18 months following its implementation. Medical claims, survey, and administrative data were used to evaluate study outcomes. RESULTS: The overall use of vision care was similar before and after the introduction of the managed eye-care programs, with 24% of each group receiving at least one vision service during the 18-month period. Nevertheless, an increase in the use of routine eye-care services and a decrease in medical eye-care services were observed following program implementation. The overall cost of providing eye-care services to patients decreased from 1.86 dollars to 1.36 dollars per member per month after the program started, largely owing to a reduction in spending associated with medical eye-care services. More than 90% of patients surveyed were satisfied with their vision care provided by the program. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that introducing routine and medical managed eye-care programs in a managed care setting allows for a reduction in medical costs while maintaining access to care and patient satisfaction.

Cross-sectional 7-year follow-up of anxiety in primary care patients.

We describe the longitudinal patterns of anxiety symptoms and mental health treatment among patients recruited from a primary care clinic, and provide a naturalistic view of anxiety symptoms, disorders, and treatment at two time periods 7 years apart. Study participants were originally identified in a primary care setting in 1992 as positive but untreated for the presence of anxiety and/or depressive symptoms and disorders. Data were collected through telephone interviews assessing current psychological status for anxiety and depression symptoms, disorders, and general functioning and well being. There were no planned interventions. Participants were re-interviewed after 7 years. Two hundred seventy-one of the identified 1992 population of 784 patients were followed up by interview in 1999. Comparisons of the scores demonstrated that respondents were less symptomatic in 1999 than in 1992, with 45% of respondents reporting no symptoms whatsoever at follow-up. Severity of symptom status in 1992 was indicative of follow-up symptom severity. Most respondents (68%) had not received mental health treatment over the 7 years, largely because they wanted to handle problems on their own. This study demonstrates the tendency of anxiety to remain or reappear years after originally identified, with 55% of patients reporting symptoms after 7 years. Initially untreated and underdiagnosed anxiety is associated with continued impairment in functional status and quality of life and continued underrecognition and undertreatment.

Validation of a general measure of treatment satisfaction, the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM), using a national panel study of chronic disease.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a general measure of patients' satisfaction with medication, the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM). METHODS: The content and format of 55 initial questions were based on a formal conceptual framework, an extensive literature review, and the input from three patient focus groups. Patient interviews were used to select the most relevant questions for further evaluation (n = 31). The psychometric performance of items and resulting TSQM scales were examined using eight diverse patient groups (arthritis, asthma, major depression, type I diabetes, high cholesterol, hypertension, migraine, and psoriasis) recruited from a national longitudinal panel study of chronic illness (n = 567). Participants were then randomized to complete the test items using one of two alternate scaling methods (Visual Analogue vs. Likert-type). RESULTS: A factor analysis (principal component extraction with varimax rotation) of specific items revealed three factors (Eigenvalues > 1.7) explaining 75.6% of the total variance; namely Side effects (4 items, 28.4%, Cronbach's Alpha =.87), Effectiveness (3 items, 24.1%, Cronbach's Alpha =.85), and Convenience (3 items, 23.1%, Cronbach's Alpha =.87). A second factor analysis of more generally worded items yielded a Global Satisfaction scale (3 items, Eigenvalue = 2.3, 79.1%, Cronbach's Alpha =.85). The final four scales possessed good psychometric properties, with the Likert-type scaling method performing better than the VAS approach. Significant differences were found on the TSQM by the route of medication administration (oral, injectable, topical, inhalable), level of illness severity, and length of time on medication. Regression analyses using the TSQM scales accounted for 40-60% of variation in patients' ratings of their likelihood to persist with their current medication. CONCLUSION: The TSQM is a psychometrically sound and valid measure of the major dimensions of patients' satisfaction with medication. Preliminary evidence suggests that the TSQM may also be a good predictor of patients' medication adherence across different types of medication and patient populations.

Telephone assessment of functioning and well-being following stroke: is it feasible?

Stroke can affect the physical, emotional, and social aspects of patients' lives. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and psychometric properties of a telephone-administered version of the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 and 3 (HUI2/3). Subjects included patients who had had an ischemic stroke within the prior 12 months and their unpaid caregivers (n = 76 pairs) and an additional 33 unpaid caregivers of patients who were generally aphasic or severely affected. Complete response rates, test-retest reliability, and convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity were determined. For patient-caregiver pairs, 27% had no complete Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI2) responses (i.e., had missing responses for at least 1 item of each assessment), 51% had partial responses (i.e., had complete responses for at least 1, but not all of the assessments), and 22% had complete responses. For the Health Utilities Mark 3 (HUI3), the percentages were 19%, 52%, and 29%. Test-retest reliability for patients intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.76 for HUI2; 0.75 for HUI3) and caregivers (ICC = 0.91 and 0.89, respectively) were excellent. There were generally high levels of both convergent and divergent validity. There was limited known-groups validity (mild v moderately and mild v severely affected patients reported different overall HUI2 and HUI3 scores; there was no difference between those with moderate and severe disabilities). The same pattern was found for caregivers. We conclude that the telephone-administered HUI2/3 appears to be reliable and have at least limited validity. However, the proportions of missing data for patient/caregivers administered the HUI2/3 were surprisingly high. This high proportion of missing data would limit the use of the telephone-administered HUI2/3 in the context of stroke trials.