Biomonitoring of Alterations in Fish That Inhabit Anthropic Aquatic Environments in a Basin from Semi-Arid Regions.

Industrial, agricultural, and urban areas can be sources of pollution and a cause of habitat fragmentation. The Conlara River located in the northeast of San Luis Province suffers different environmental pressures along its course from urban to agro-industrial areas. The present study aims to assess the water quality of the Conlara basin by evaluating how metals and pesticide contamination as well as physicochemical parameters relate to physiological stress in Jenynsia multidentata. Samplings were carried out in four sites characterized by a growing gradient of anthropic impact from the springs to the final sections of the river, starting with tourism passing through urban areas and ending with large agricultural areas (from S1 to S4) during both the dry and wet seasons. A total of 27 parameters were determined (11 physicochemical, 9 heavy metals, and 7 pesticides) in surface waters. Biomarkers (CAT, TBARS, ChE, and MN) showed significant physiological and cytological alterations in J. multidentata depending on the hydrology season. The combination of physicochemical parameters, metals, and pesticide levels allowed typification and differentiation of the sites. Some metal (Cr, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and pesticide (α-BHC, chlorpyrifos, permethrin and cypermethrin, and endosulfan α) levels recorded exceeded the recommended Argentinian legislation values. A principal component analysis (PCA) allowed detection of differences between both seasons and across sites. Furthermore, the differences in distances showed by PCA between the sites were due to differences in the presence of physicochemical parameters, metals, and pesticides correlated with several biomarkers' responses depending on type of environmental stressor. Water quality evaluation along the Conlara River shows deterioration and different types of environmental stressors, identifying zones, and specific sources of pollution. Furthermore, the biomarkers suggest that the native species could be sensitive to anthropogenic environmental pressures.

Human health risk associated to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels and their relation with preponderant sources in Gran La Plata, Argentina.

Levels of suspended particulate matter (PM) of both fractions PM10 and PM2.5 in ambient air were monitored in three areas of Gran La Plata: industrial, urban, and residential (2017-2019). Associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) to PM were also determined and possible emission sources were identified. Assessment of health risk to PM exposure and associated compounds was realized. Results showed a decrease in levels of PM10 in each area along the period studied, especially in the industrial area. Decreases in PM2.5 levels were also observed in urban and residential areas over the years, although the trend is not as marked as with PM10 levels. Then, PM2.5 levels in the industrial area have remained practically constant. The 89% of both PM10 and PM2.5 annual mean exceeds the WHO reference values. The presence of most of the 16 US EPA priority PAHs studied was found with a detection frequency greater than 60% and it was possible to identify the importance of the contributions of vehicular emissions as predominant sources of PAH emission. From the calculations of the risk of contracting cancer throughout life (LCR), in the case of adults, the US EPA limits were not complied in the industrial and urban areas and in both fractions of PM. From the evaluation of the burden of disease (EBD), the calculated relative risks of mortality were very similar for the studied districts, being the relative risk in La Plata slightly lower, about 3-5%, than those in Berisso and Ensenada.

Comparative study of tear lipid composition in two human populations with different exposure to particulate matter in La Plata, Argentina.

To identify the changes in the lipid profile of the tear film in two human populations exposed to different levels of particulate material, and its relationship with dry eye, by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. A panel study involving 78 volunteers, who live and work in two locations in Argentina with different pollution levels: urban zone (n = 44) and industrial zone (n = 34). We measured the mean levels of particulate matter (PM) exposure. The tear samples were analyze by gas GC-MS detection and the dry eye was diagnose using Schirmer test, fluorescein breakup time, vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, and lid parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Square, Bartlett's, Mann-Whitney tests, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis. PM10 level was significantly higher in industrial zone than in urban area (p < 0.05). Subjects exposed to higher levels of PM10 in outdoor air presented more presence of fatty acids (FA) of long chain, a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and lower unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), showing a differentiated profile, which may be associated with a PM level. The incidence of dry eye was greater in the industrial zone (p < 0.001), showing in both populations for this pathology higher FA ω-6 levels, which are responsible for the inflammation process. The lipid profile in populations exposed to higher levels of PM10, like the industrial zone, shows a differentiated profile of FA and more incidence of dry eye with higher FA ω-6 levels, which are responsible for the inflammation process.

Rice tolerance to suboptimal low temperatures relies on the maintenance of the photosynthetic capacity.

The purpose of this research was to identify differences between two contrasting rice cultivars in their response to suboptimal low temperatures stress. A transcriptomic analysis of the seedlings was performed and results were complemented with biochemical and physiological analyses. The microarray analysis showed downregulation of many genes related with PSII and particularly with the oxygen evolving complex in the sensitive cultivar IR50. Complementary studies indicated that the PSII performance, the degree of oxygen evolving complex coupling with the PSII core and net photosynthetic rate diminished in this cultivar in response to the stress. However, the tolerant cultivar Koshihikari was able to maintain its energy equilibrium by sustaining the photosynthetic capacity. The increase of oleic acid in Koshihikari could be related with membrane remodelling of the chloroplasts and hence contribute to tolerance. Overall, these results work as a ground for future analyses that look forward to characterize possible mechanisms to tolerate this stress.

Characterization and cancer risk assessment of VOCs in home and school environments in gran La Plata, Argentina.

Three areas are highlighted in Gran La Plata, Argentina: industrial, urban, and residential. In this work, the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air of homes and schools in those areas were analyzed, through the use of passive monitors. The study period is between 2007 and 2010. Higher levels of VOCs were found in homes and schools in the industrial zone, higher than the levels corresponding to urban and residential. Taking into account the relationship between indoor and outdoor levels of VOCs, they have ratios (I/O) between 1.5 and 10 are evidenced contributions of emission sources of VOCs both indoor and outdoor. Complementarily, we estimated the life time cancer risk (LCR) for benzene, styrene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene in children who spend their time mostly in such indoor environments. The results show high LCR values for benzene, which exceed acceptable values for the US EPA.

Exposure and risk analysis to particulate matter, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon at different workplaces in Argentina.

In order to estimate air quality at work environments from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we determined both the concentration of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as the heavy metals in the composition of the particulate matter. Three SMEs located in the city of La Plata, Argentina, were selected: an electromechanical repair and car painting center (ERCP), a sewing work room (SWR), and a chemical analysis laboratory (CAL). The results evidenced high levels of PM exceeding the limits allowed by the USEPA and the presence of benzo(k)fluoranthene in all the analyzed sites and benzo(a)pyrene in the most contaminated site (ERCP). Regarding metals, the presence of Cd, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Mn, mainly in the fraction of PM2.5, in the same workplace was found. As far as risk assessment at all the workplaces surveyed is concerned, risk values for contracting cancer throughout life for exposed workers (LCR) did not comply with the parameters either of USEPA or of WHO (World Health Organization).

Evaluación del impacto antrópico sobre la calidad del agua del arroyo Las Piedras, Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina / Assessment of anthropogenic impact on water quality of the stream Las Piedras, Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina / Avaliação do impacto antropogénico na qualidade da água do riacho Las Piedras, Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina

El marcado deterioro de los cuerpos de agua superficiales hace prioritaria su evaluación para su adecuada gestión, incluyendo acciones de control y mitigación del nivel de contaminación y el riesgo sanitario asociado. Si bien cada curso de agua posee características y problemáticas naturales y ambientales específicas, los arroyos situados sobre el conurbano bonaerense comparten algunas características comunes que se presentan en este estudio. A tal efecto, se plantea determinar y evaluar los factores antrópicos que afectan directa o indirectamente la calidad del agua del arroyo Las Piedras en el partido de Quilmes, mediante la caracterización físico-química y microbiológica de sus aguas, además de la aplicación de índices de calidad (ICA) y de contaminación (ICOMO). Mediante el uso de estas herramientas se manifestó un potencial y grave problema de degradación del arroyo y su entorno, debido principalmente a la carencia de servicios de saneamiento, al vertido de aguas residuales sin tratamiento previo o inadecuado que generan especialmente contaminación fecal de sus aguas, y a basurales y quemazones en sus márgenes, creando así sitios puntuales de contaminación y diseminación de plagas, potenciales focos infecciosos.

The strong deterioration of surface water makes its assessment priority for proper management, including actions to control and mitigate the level of contamination and associated health risks. While each watercourse has natural characteristics and specific environmental issues, streams located on the Buenos Aires metropolitan area share some common characteristics presented in this study. To this end it is proposed to determine and evaluate the human factors that directly or indirectly affect the water quality of the river Las Piedras in Quilmes, by physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water in addition to the application of quality indices (ICA) and pollution (ICOMO). By using these tools a potential and serious problem degradation of the stream and its surroundings appeared, mainly due to lack of sanitation, the discharge of wastewater without prior or inadequate treatment especially generating fecal contamination of the water, and garbage dumps and burnings at its margins, creating specific sites of contamination and spread of pests, potential infectious foci.

A acentuada deterioração dos corpos de água superficiais torna prioritária sua avaliação para uma gestão adequada, incluindo ações para controlar e mitigar o nível de contaminação e o risco sanitário associado. Embora cada curso de água tenha características e problemáticas naturais e ambientais específicas, arroios localizados na área metropolitana da província de Buenos Aires compartilham algumas características comuns apresentadas neste trabalho. Para tal, propõe-se determinar e avaliar os fatores antrópicos que afetam direta ou indiretamente a qualidade da água do arroio Las Piedras, em Quilmes, através da caracterização físico-química e microbiológica das suas águas, além da aplicação de índices de qualidade (ICA) e de contaminação (ICOMO). Com a utilização destas ferramentas, um potencial e grave problema de degradação do arroio e de seu ambiente surgiu, principalmente causado pela falta de serviços de saneamento, pela descarga de águas residuais sem tratamento prévio ou inadequado, gerando especialmente contaminação fecal de suas águas, e pelos depósitos de lixo e queimadas em suas margens, criando assim lugares específicos de contaminação e disseminação de pragas, potenciais focos infecciosos.