ABSTRACT
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA-based vaccination with plasmids encoding the membrane proteins prM and E of the flavivirus Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE) were investigated. Gene gun-mediated intradermal delivery of DNA encoding the prM and E proteins elicited long-lived, virus-neutralising antibody responses in three inbred strains of mice and provided protection from challenge with a high titer inoculum of MVE. Intramuscular DNA vaccination by needle injection also induced MVE-specific antibodies that conferred resistance to challenge with live virus but failed to reduce virus infectivity in vitro. The two routes of DNA-based vaccination with prM and E encoding plasmids resulted in humoral immunty with distinct IgG subtypes. MVE-specific IgG1 antibodies were always prevalent after intradermal DNA vaccination via a gene gun but not detected when mice were immunised with DNA by the intramuscular route or infected with live virus. We also tested a Semliki Forest virus replicon as vector for a flavivirus prM and E protein-based subunit vaccine. Single-cycle infections in mice vaccinated with packaged recombinant replicon particles elicited durable, MVE-specific, and virus-neutralising antibody responses.
Subject(s)
Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley/immunology , Encephalitis, Arbovirus/prevention & control , Vaccines, DNA/immunology , Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Biolistics , COS Cells , Genetic Vectors/genetics , Immunoglobulin G/blood , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Neutralization Tests , Plasmids/administration & dosage , Recombinant Fusion Proteins , Semliki forest virus/genetics , Vaccination , Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage , Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics , Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism , Viral Vaccines/administration & dosageSubject(s)
Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Socioeconomic Factors , Sri Lanka , Stomach Neoplasms/diagnosis , Stomach Neoplasms/etiologyABSTRACT
The relationship between the oral temperature (OT) and the axillary temperature (AT) is not clearly established. The measurement of the OT could be an unhygienic procedure. Therefore, a study was done to determine the nature of relationship between OT and AT and whether AT could be used in place of OT. The OT and AT were measured in a group of children with OT's ranging from 97 degrees F (36 degrees C) to 105 degrees F (40.5 degrees C). The average difference of OT minus AT was statistically determined to be 0.3 degrees F (0.15 degrees C) throughout the range of temperatures tested. The correlation (r) between OT and AT was 0.99 (p less than 0.001). The AT is recommended as a reliable measure to be used in routine assessment of body temperature.
