Immunohistochemical study of the expression of fatty acid synthase and Ki-67 in salivary gland tumors.

BACKGROUND: The enzyme fatty acid synthase plays a fundamental role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Several recent studies have demonstrated a high fatty acid synthase expression in malignant tumors. Few studies have been conducted in oral and salivary gland tumors describing the fatty acid synthase expression. METHODS: This study evaluated and compared, by immunohistochemical reaction, the expression of fatty acid synthase and Ki-67 in salivary gland tumors. The immunohistochemical study used the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique, with antibodies anti-fatty acid synthase and anti-Ki-67. The fatty acid synthase was analyzed by scores, considering the intensity of labeling, quantity of labeled cells and histological component. The Ki-67 was analyzed by counting of one thousand cells, calculating the quantity of positive cells in regions with higher density of labeling. Statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson and Mann-Whitney correlation tests. RESULTS: There was greater fatty acid synthase expression in pleomorphic adenoma compared to other tumors, and predominance of Ki-67 in malignant tumors. Among these, the mucoepidermoid carcinoma presented the highest proliferation rate. The expression of fatty acid synthase and Ki-67 did not present correlation between the tumors analyzed, except in pleomorphic adenomas, with statistically significant relationship between them. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the fat metabolism in salivary gland tumors is related to maintenance of cell differentiation. Its expression prevailed in benign tumors, while Ki-67 prevailed in the mucoepidermoid carcinoma, demonstrating its high proliferation rate, followed by the cystic adenoid carcinoma and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in rat experimental candidiasis: evaluation of pathogenicity factors of Candida albicans.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of photodynamic therapy on pathogenicity of Candida albicans. STUDY DESIGN: Fifty-six rats were submitted to development of candidiasis on the tongue dorsum by C. albicans inoculations. After 5 days, different treatments were administered: laser and photosynthesizer methylene blue (L+P+); laser only (L+P-); photosensitizer only (L-P+); and physiologic solution only (L-P-). Samples of the oral cavity were collected for a count of colony-forming units per mL. Colonies were isolated for evaluation of proteinase and phospholipase activities. The rats were killed for microscopic analysis of the tongue dorsum. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, and Bonferroni tests. RESULTS: The number of C. albicans recovered from the oral cavity of the rats was similar between the groups (P = .106). The L+P+ group showed fewer microscopic lesions of candidiasis than the L-P- group (P = .001). The L+P+ group presented lower proteinase activity compared with the other groups, with significant difference between the groups L+P+ and L-P+ (P = .018). CONCLUSIONS: Photodynamic therapy reduced the microscopic lesions of experimental candidiasis in rats and inhibited the proteinase activity of C. albicans.

Femur bone repair in ovariectomized rats under the local action of alendronate, hydroxyapatite and the association of alendronate and hydroxyapatite.

Summary An evaluation was made of the local action of alendronate sodium (A), hydroxyapatite (HA) and the association of both substances (A + HA), in different molar concentrations, on the femur bone repair of ovariectomized rats. Ninety-eight animals were divided into seven groups: control (C), starch (S), alendronate 1 mol (A1), alendronate 2 mols (A2), hydroxyapatite 1 mol (HA1), hydroxyapatite 2 mols (HA2) and the association of alendronate + hydroxyapatite (A + HA). Rats weighing about 250 g were ovariectomized and 2.5-mm diameter bone defects were made on the left femur 30 days later. Each experimental group had defects filled with appropriate material, except for group C (control). The animals were killed 7 and 21 days after surgery. Histological, histomorphometric and statistical analyses of bone neoformation in the bone defect site were performed. From the histological standpoint, the major differences occurred after 21 days. All specimens in groups C, S, HA1 and HA2 presented linear closure of the bone defect, and most animals in groups A1, A2 and A + HA showed no bone neoformation in the central area of the defect. No statistically significant difference was found among the experimental groups after 7 days; after 21 days, group HA2 presented the highest amount of neoformed bone. There was no significant difference among groups A1, A2 and A + HA in the two study periods. It was concluded that alendronate, either isolated or in association with hydroxyapatite, had an adverse effect on bone repair in this experimental model. Moreover, the hydroxyapatite used here proved to be biocompatible and osteoconductive, with group HA2 showing the best results.

Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of buccal candidiasis in rats.

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of photodynamic therapy on buccal candidiasis in rats. After experimental candidiasis had been induced on the tongue dorsum, 72 rats were distributed into four groups according to treatment: treated with laser and methylene blue photosensitizer (L+P+); treated only with laser (L+P-); treated only with photosensitizer (L--P+); not treated with laser or photosensitizer (L-P-). The rats were killed immediately, 1 day, or 5 days after treatment, for microscopic analysis of the tongue dorsum. Observation verified that the photodynamic therapy group (L+P+) exhibited fewer epithelial alterations and a lower chronic inflammatory response than the L-P- group. The group L+P- presented more intense epithelial alterations and chronic inflammatory response than the remaining groups. The L-P+ group showed tissue lesions similar to those of the L-P- group. In conclusion, rats treated with photodynamic therapy developed more discrete candidiasis lesions than did the remaining groups.

Intraosseous foreign-body granuloma in the mandible subsequent to a 20-year-old work-related accident.

The purpose of this article was to describe the clinical and microscopic features of an intraosseous foreign-body granuloma in the mandible that developed after the traumatic implantation of metal fragments during a work-related accident. A 65-year-old male patient had a severe pain in the body of mandible. Clinical examination showed facial asymmetry and a scar, extending to the left mental region. Intraoral examination revealed a soft mass involving the left alveolar bone with normal appearance of the mucosa surface. Panoramic radiographs showed a radiolucent lesion along the mandible extending from the central incisive to the first molar. Computed tomography revealed an osteolytic mass in the same area. His medical history included a work-related accident twenty years prior to evaluation. During the biopsy an important amount of bright metal-like pieces surrounded by soft tissue were found. A microscopic examination showed a foreign body associated with an aggregation of multinucleated giant cells. The final diagnosis was a foreign body granuloma. Even though foreign-body granulomas in the mandible are rare lesions, dentists should be familiar with their features and include them in the differential diagnosis of tissue masses.

Recuperação de candida albicans da cavidade bucal de ratas ovariectomizadas / Recovery of candida albicans from the oral cavity of ovariectomized rats

Introdução: Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a recuperação de Candida albicans na cavidade bucal de ratas ovariectomizadas e controles após inoculação de levedura. Métodos: Vinte ratas não portadoras do gênero Candida na cavidade bucal foram distribuídas em grupos-controle e ovariectomizadas. As ratas receberam 3 inoculações bucais de C. albicans. Após a última inoculação, foram coletadas amostras da cavidade bucal em intervalos de tempo de 1, 2, 5, 7 dias e a cada 15 dias até a obtenção de duas culturas negativas para leveduras. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar Sabouraud dextrose e incubadas a 37ºC por 48 horas. A seguir, foi realizada a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias por ml (ufc/ml) e os dados submetidos ao teste “t” de Student. Para confirmação da espécie recuperada, os isolados foram identificados de acordo com a formação de tubo germinativo, formação de hifas e clamidoconídeos, fermentação e assimilação de carboidratos, e verificação do fator Killer. Resultados: Todas as amostras recuperadas eram C. albicans biotipo killer 111, o mesmo da espécie inoculada. C. albicans foi recuperada da cavidade bucal dos animais do grupo-controle até 67 dias após a última inoculação e do grupo ovariectomizado por apenas 22 dias. Além disso, a média das ufc/ml de C. albicans recuperadas da cavidade bucal foi menor nos animais ovariectomizados do que nos controles. Conclusão: A colonização por C. albicans foi menor no grupo ovariectomizado em relação ao controle.

Introduction: The purpose of this work is to study the colonization of Candida albicans in the oral cavity of control and ovariectomized rats. Methods: Twenty rats negative for the Candida spp in the oral cavity were distribuided into groups control and ovariectomized. The rats received 3 inoculations of C. albicans. After the last inoculation of C. albicans, samples were collected from the oral cavity of the animals after 1, 2, 5, 7 days and then once every 15 days until two negative cultures of yeasts were obtained. The samples were cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar for 48 hours at 37ºC. After that, the colony forming units of C. albicans (cfu/mL) were counted and the results were submitted to t-Student test. To confirm of the species recovered, the isolated were identified by observing the germinative tubes, the presence of hyphae and chlamydospores, carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation and of phenomenon killer verification. Results: All sample recovered were C. albicans biotic killer 111, the identical as inoculated. C. albicans was recovery from the oral cavity of control group for 67 days after the last inoculation and in the ovariectomized group up to only 22 days. In addition, the mean of the number of cfu/mL of C. albicans recovered from the oral cavity was lower for the ovariectomized animals than for the sham-ovariectomized in every observation period. Conclusion: The recovery of C. albicans in the oral cavity of rats were lower in the ovariectomized group in relation to control group.

Experimental candidosis and recovery of Candida albicans from the oral cavity of ovariectomized rats.

The aim of this study was to analyze the development of candidosis and the recovery of C. albicans from the oral cavity of ovariectomized and sham-ovariectomized rats. One hundred and twenty-four rats originally negative for Candida spp. in the oral cavity were divided into two groups: ovariectomized and sham-ovariectomized. Fifty-eight ovariectomized and the same quantity of sham-ovariectomized rats were inoculated with C. albicans for the study of candidosis development and recovery of yeast. Four animals from each group were not inoculated with yeast suspension and were submitted to tongue dorsum morphologic analysis by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The development of candidosis in the tongue dorsum was observed by optical and scanning electron microscopy in the periods of 6 hr, 24 hr, 7 days and 15 days after the last inoculation. Recovery of C. albicans was performed by oral samples plating on Sabouraud agar after 1, 2, 5 and 7 days and progressively at each 15-day interval until negative cultures for yeasts were obtained. The results were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Student's t tests. The tongue dorsum of sham-ovariectomized and ovariectomized rats, not infected by Candida, presented normal aspect. Among the infected rats, the ovariectomized group showed less occurrence of candidosis lesions and lower recovery of C. albicans from the oral cavity in relation to the sham-ovariectomized group. It could be concluded that candidosis was less frequent from the oral cavities of ovariectomized rats in relation to sham-ovariectomized.

Influência da ovariectomia na atrofia e regeneração da glândula parótida: estudo histológico em ratas / Influence of variectomy on atrophy and regeneration of parotid gland: histological study in rats

A proposta deste trabalho foi estudar morfologicamente em ratas os efeitos da ovariectomia na atrofia e regeneração da parótida. Foram utilizadas 56 ratas divididas em dois grupos: grupo controle A (ratas náo ovariectomizadas) e grupo experimental B (ratas ovariectomizadas). Aos três meses de idade, as ratas do grupo B foram ovariectomizadas e as do grupo A sofreram falsa-ovariectomia. A atrofia e regeneração da parótida foram estudadas em ambos os grupos, sendo a atrofia obtida através da ligadura do ducto excretor e a regeneração, através da desobstrução ductal. Os animais foram sacrificados um mês após falsa-ovariectomia ou ovariectomia e nos períodos de sete dias de atrofia glandular e de sete e 14 dias de regeneração glandular. As parótidas removidas cirurgicamente foram submetidas às colorações de HE e PAS. Após falsa-ovariectomia e ovariectomia, as ratas dos grupos A e B, respectivamente, apresentaram os mesmos aspectos morfólogicos. Durante a atrofia glandular, houve redução do parêquima, assim como inflamação, fibrose e diminuição de grânulos de secreção nos grupos A e B. Durante a regeneração glandular, houve o restabelecimento do parênquima, redução da inflamação e da fibrose e aumento dos grânulos de secreção em ambos os grupos. Porém, aos sete dias de regeneração glandular, as parótidas das ratas do grupo B apresentaram menor grau de regeneração, o qual foi restabelecido aos 14 dias. Conclui-se, portanto, que a ovarectomia não altera morfologicamente a parótida mormal e não influencia o processo de atrofia glandular, porém retarda o processo regenerativo glandular em sua fase inicial

Quem é e o que pensa o graduando de Odontologia / What thinksand who is the dentistry undergraduate

O objetivo deste trabalho foi traçar o perfil do graduando de odontologia, buscando uma melhor harmonia entre os interesses dos alunos, docentes e instituição de ensino. Foi elaborado um questionário para os estudantes de 1º e 4º anos do período diurno e 1º e 2º anos do noturno da Faculdade de Odontologia de São José dos Campos - Unesp. Avaliaram-se aspectos pessoais, econômicos, sociais e culturais, assim como sugestões para a melhoria do curso, abordando grade curricular, tempo de curso e estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem. Dentre os principais resultados, pôde-se observar que a maioria dos estudantes é do sexo feminino, possui nível econômico alto e escolheu a odontologia por vocação e por ser uma profissão liberal. Os alunos do período diurno querem estender o tempo do curso para 5 anos. Grande parte dos graduandos pretende especializar-se em ortodontia ou odontopediatria, e, em relação à previsão de início das atividades profissionais, o 4º ano quer ser assalariado de outro cirurgião-dentista. A maioria dos alunos acredita estar sendo preparada para o mercado de trabalho, entretanto muitos acham que não, em razão da insuficiência de horas clínicas e dificuldades em estabelecer preços aos pacientes

Atrofia e regeneração da glândula parótida após ligadura do ducto excretor: estudo histológico e histoquímico em ratos / Atrophy and regeneration of parotid gland after excretory duct ligature: histologic and histochemical study in rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a atrofia unilateral da glândula parótica de ratos, após a ligadura do ducto excretor, e a regeneração glandular, através de ligadura ductal seguida pela remoção da obstrução após sete dias, analisando as alterações morfológicas glandulares e o potencial proliferativo dos ductos intercalares. Análise morfológica foi também realizada na parótida contralateral. Os ratos foram sacrificados e suas glândulas foram processadas e submetidas às colorações histológicas (HE e PAS) e histoquímica (AgNOR). Durante a atrofia glandular, houve degeneração e redução do parênquima, assim como inflamação e fibrose. Durante a regeneração glandular, houve o restabelecimento do parênquima e redução da inflamação e da fibrose. Nas glândulas contralaterais, houve desorganização e degeneração teciduais. Não foi observada alteração do potencial proliferativo dos ductos intercalares durante o experimento

Efeito da técnica de clareamento, utilizando peróxido de carbamida a 35 por cento, sobre o esmalte dental: avaliaçäo da microscopia de luz polarizada e microscopia eletrônica de varredura / Effects of bleaching technique, using 35 percent carbamide peroxide over dental enamel: evaluation by polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do peróxido de carbamida a 35 por cento sobre o esmalte dental através de Microscopia de Luz Polarizada (MLP) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Foram utilizadas 32 amostras (faces vestibular e lingual de pré-molares humanos), divididas em quatro grupos: dois grupos experimentais (A e B) e dois grupos controle (C e D). Os grupos experimentais receberam três aplicaçöes de peróxido de carbamida a 35 por cento, com duraçäo de 30 minutos cada, em intervalos de sete dias e os grupos de controle näo receberam agente clareador. Durante o experimento, os grupos A e C ficaram armazenados em água destilada e os grupos B e D em saliva artificial. Após o experimento, todas as amostras foram avaliadas por MLP e MEV, onde verificou-se que a MLP näo foi capaz de evidenciar alteraçöes na superfície do esmalte. A avaliaçäo por MEV revelou diferenças na superfície do esmalte dental entre os grupos tratados e os grupos controles e, aplicando-se o teste estatístico de U-Mann-Whitney, observou-se näo haver diferenças entre os grupos A e B. Concluiu-se que a MLP é um método inadequado para avaliar alteraçöes superficiais do esmalte após tratamentos clareadores e que a análise por MEV demonstrou alteraçöes morfológicas severas na superfície do esmalte, independente da imersäo em água ou em saliva artificial