Puberty onset curve in CD (Sprague Dawley) and Long Evans outbred male rats.

The exact timing of puberty is fundamental in preclinical studies. In male rats, the age at sexual maturity varies considerably between 40 and 60 days of age. Here, we summarize pubertal onset evaluation of two outbred rat strains (Crl:CD(SD) and Crl:LE), relying on the balano-preputial separation test. Evaluation was carried out on animals under standard barrier conditions, from four to nine weeks of age. In the Crl:CD(SD) population, 90% of males gained puberty at week 6, and 100% in the following weeks, whereas 75% of Crl:LE reached puberty at week 6, 90% at week 7 and 100% from week 8. Remarkably, in both strains, puberty onset was gained at the average weight of 200 g, suggesting that weight range, not only age range, can be considered a biomarker of puberty onset in these two strains. On the contrary, descended testes cannot be considered an additional factor to identify full puberty onset either in Crl:CD(SD) or Crl:LE rats.

Water relations and photosynthetic capacity of two species of Calotropis in a tropical semi-arid ecosystem.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Calotropis procera and Calotropis gigantea, originally from warm parts of Africa and Asia, are now pan-tropical and in ecological terms considered an indicator of overgrazed, disturbed lands; they grow successfully in dry areas. Variations in water relations, morphology and photosynthesis of the two species growing in the same habitat were studied to assess possible mechanisms of tolerance to drought and how these relate to their ecophysiological success. Also the hypothesis that their photosynthetic rate (A) under drought would be affected by stomatal and non-stomatal limitations was tested. METHODS: Water relations, gas exchange, water use efficiency (WUE), fluorescence parameters, pubescence and specific leaf area (SLA) of Calotropis procera and C. gigantea plants growing in the field were evaluated during the wet (WS) and dry (DS) seasons. RESULTS: The xylem water potential (ψ) was similar in both species during the WS and DS; drought caused a 28 % decrease of ψ. In C. procera, A, stomatal conductance (g(s)) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) were higher in the WS with half the values of those during the DS, this species being more affected by drought than C. gigantea. A high δ(13)C of C. gigantea (-26·2 ‰) in the WS indicated a higher integrated WUE, in agreement with its lower g(s). Leaves of C. gigantea were more pubescent than C. procera. Relative stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of A increased with drought in both species; no changes in maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII; F(v)/F(m)) were observed. The decrease in the relative quantum yield of PSII (ϕ(PSII)) and in the photochemical quenching coefficient (q(P)) was more pronounced in C. procera than in C. gigantea. CONCLUSIONS: The photosynthetic capacity of C. procera was higher than that of C. gigantea. During the DS, A was regulated by stomatal and non-stomatal factors in a coordinated manner and drought did not cause chronic photoinhibition. A higher density of trichomes and leaf angle in C. gigantea may contribute to the maintenance of A and confer more efficient protection of photochemical activity in the DS. Ecophysiological traits such as high photosynthetic rate throughout the year even during the DS, and high WUE, highly pubescent leaves and low SLA observed in both species contribute to the establishment and growth of Calotropis in dry conditions.

Relaciones hídricas, fotosíntesis, y anatomía foliar de dos especies del género Calotropis / Water relations, photosynthesis, and leaf anatomy in two species of Calotropis genus

El género Calotropis es originario de Asia y es considerado una maleza de zonas áridas. En Venezuela el género esta representado por dos especies arbustivas, C. procera y C. gigantea, que se encuentran en hábitats xerofíticos y se caracterizan por ser muy resistentes a la sequía. Para conocer y comparar las características ecofisiológicas de estas especies, se realizó un estudio en el Litoral Central donde se evaluó el estado hídrico, el intercambio gaseoso y la anatomía foliar de ambas especies durante las temporadas de lluvia y de sequía. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el estado hídrico entre ambas especies, aunque la sequía causó una reducción del 50 por ciento en su potencial hídrico. Las mayores tasas de fotosíntesis (A) y conductancia estomática (gs) fueron observadas en lluvia en ambas especies, siendo 40 y 48 por ciento más altas en C. procera que en C. gigantea. La gs fue 41 por ciento mayor en lluvia que en sequía en C. procera, mientras que en C. gigantea no varió. C. procera presentó una mayor eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA). Las hojas de ambas especies mostraron una estructura mesofilar isolateral y anfiestomáticas, con alta pubescencia, observándose diferencias significativas en el grosor foliar y en el área foliar específica. Los resultados muestran que la capacidad fotosintética de C. procera fue mayor que la observada en C. gigantea.