ABSTRACT
Meeting future greenhouse gas emissions targets in transportation may require transition in part to renewable low carbon fuels to power the medium- and heavy-duty sectors. At this moment, market renewable low carbon diesel fuels are available and integrated with the fueling infrastructure in select areas. Though this is encouraging, little is known about the impact these renewable diesel fuels may have on modern aftertreatment systems and their ability to convert toxic emissions. This work explores the impact of a renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel fuel on catalyst light-off and light-down of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) with a production diesel engine over ramp rates reflective of real-world operation. Hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were investigated using various exhaust analyzing instruments placed before and after the model γ-Al2O3 DOC: Flame ionization detector (FID), nondispersive infrared (NDIR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of this work conclude that HC and CO conversion during catalyst light-off and light-down is significantly impacted by the fuel properties unique to the mostly paraffinic renewable HVO diesel, with light-off and light-down of the catalyst being improved for the renewable diesel fuel with respect to a certification diesel fuel for all ramp rates explored. Compared to certification diesel, HVO diesel reduced steady-state DOC-out HC and CO at idle by >50% and reduced the 50% conversion temperature (T50) during light-off by 45 °C for both HC and CO at a 20 °C/min ramp rate.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar factores de riesgo, relacionados con el estilo de vida, asociados con la presencia de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores de 65 años. Método: Para ello se diseñó un estudio observacional transversal con personas mayores de 65 años no institucionalizadas mediante entrevista personal estructurada. El estudio se realizó en 14 farmacias de la Comunidad Valenciana desde marzo 2011 hasta marzo de 2013. Se utilizan como test de cribado el Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ) de Pfeiffer y el Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) versión NORMACODERM de Blesa. Se definió deterioro cognitivo por SPMSQ≥3 (para analfabetos≥4) y/o MMSE≤24. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 729 personas. Se encontró que el 17,6% de los participantes (n=128) presentaban resultados compatibles con deterioro cognitivo. Se determinó que dormir 9 o más horas diarias es causa o consecuencia y, por tanto, un factor de riesgo y/o de alarma en el desarrollo de deterioro cognitivo en personas mayores de 65 años. El ejercicio físico y pocas horas de sueño no obtuvo relación con el deterioro cognitivo. Conclusión: El cambio de hábitos de sueño en el anciano (pasar a dormir más horas) es una señal de alerta para estudiar la presencia de un posible deterioro cognitivo (AU)
Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors style life associated with the development of cognitive impairment among people aged 65 years and older. Methods: Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted with non-institutionalized people aged 65 years or more. The study was carried out in 14 pharmacies from the Autonomous Community of Valencia, from March 2011 until March 2013. Two screening tests were used to detect the presence of cognitive impairment: the Spanish version of the Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire (SPMSQ) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, NORMACODEM version). Participants were considered impaired when their scores were ≥ 3 points in SPMSQ test (≥ 4 in illiterate participants) and/or ≤ 24 points in corrected MMSE test (Blesas NORMACODEM version). Results: It was found that 17.6% of the study participants (n=128) had scores in the tests compatible with the presence of cognitive impairment. It was observed that sleeping for more than 9 daily hours was cause or consequence and, therefore, a risk and/or alarm factor for the development of cognitive impairment among people aged 65 years old or more. The exercise and poor sleep hours are not associated with cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Changing habits of sleep in the elderly (moving to sleep more hours) is an alert signal for the presence of a possible cognitive impairment (AU)
