ABSTRACT
Undergraduate neuroscience education has grown substantially in the US as well as participation in outreach and research activities by undergraduates. In line with these observations, undergraduates may also be seeking membership in the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) as well as attending the SfN annual meeting. Data in the present report show that undergraduate membership in SfN has increased between 2013 and 2019 as well as annual undergraduate SfN meeting attendance and abstract submissions for research presentations. Increases were observed for both US and international undergraduates. These data are discussed in the context of motivations of undergraduates to pursue future academic training and/or careers in neuroscience. These data are important to faculty and administrators at institutions that currently have or seek to establish new undergraduate neuroscience programs given membership in a professional society and attendance at a major conference can positively impact academic and professional development.
ABSTRACT
Immunotherapy is rapidly transforming cancer care across a range of tumor types. Although Sipuleucel-T represented the first successful vaccine for the treatment of established cancer, other immunotherapeutic approaches for prostate cancer such as checkpoint inhibitors have been relatively disappointing to date. However, significant promise is on the horizon as there is a wide array trials evaluating immunotherapy in prostate cancer patients. These include both immune checkpoint inhibitors and antigen-specific approaches including vaccines, antibody-drug conjugates, and antitumor antibodies. Furthermore, a better understanding of the key mechanisms that promote the immunosuppressive microenvironment of prostate cancer is emerging. These insights may eventually make it possible to determine which patients will benefit from immunotherapy. This review will discuss the successes and failures of immunotherapy in prostate cancer. We will also present key lessons learned from completed trials and highlight important ongoing studies.
