ABSTRACT
Few studies have quantified intraspecific variation of hydraulic functional traits in conifers across elevation gradients that include range boundaries. In the Intermountain West, USA, the lower elevational limit of forests (lower treeline) is generally assumed to be caused by water limitations to growth and water relations, yet few studies directly show this. To test this assumption, we measured changes in a suite of traits that characterize drought tolerance such as drought-induced hydraulic vulnerability, hydraulic transport capacity and morphological traits in branch tips and branches of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mirb.) Franco) along a 400-m elevation gradient in southeastern Idaho that included lower treeline. As elevation decreased, vulnerability to hydraulic dysfunction and maximum conductivity both decreased in branches; some hydraulic safety-efficiency trade-offs were evident. In branch tips, the water potential at the turgor loss point decreased, while maximum conductance increased with decreasing elevation, highlighting that branch-tip-level responses to less moisture availability accompanied by warmer temperatures might not be coordinated with branch responses. As the range boundary was approached, we did not observe non-linear changes in parameters among sites or increased variance within sites, which current ecological hypotheses on range limits suggest. Our results indicate that there is substantial plasticity in hydraulic functional traits in branch tips and branches of Douglas-fir, although the direction of the trends along the elevation gradient sometimes differed between organs. Such plasticity may mitigate the negative impacts of future drought on Douglas-fir productivity, slowing shifts in its range that are expected to occur with climate change.