ABSTRACT
We report herein the application of the phosphoramidate ProTide technology to improve the metabolism of the DNA methytransferase inhibitor, zebularine (Z). Zebularine is a riboside that must undergo a complex metabolic transformation before reaching the critical 2'-deoxyzebularine 5'-triphosphate (dZTP). Because 2'-deoxyzebularine (dZ) is not phosphorylated and therefore inactive, the ProTide strategy was employed to bypass the lack of phosphorylation of dZ and the inefficient reduction of zebularine 5'-diphosphate by ribonucleotide-diphosphate reductase required for zebularine. Several compounds were identified as more potent inhibitors of DNA methylation and stronger inducers of p16 tumor suppressor gene than zebularine. However, their activity was dependent on the administration of thymidine to overcome the potent inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) and deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) deaminase by dZMP, which deprives cells of essential levels of thymidine. Intriguingly, the activity of the ProTides was cell line-dependent, and activation of p16 was manifest only in Cf-Pac-1 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/metabolism , Amides/chemistry , Cytidine/analogs & derivatives , DNA Methylation/drug effects , Gene Silencing/drug effects , Genes, p16/drug effects , Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism , Phosphoric Acids/chemistry , Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Cytidine/chemical synthesis , Cytidine/chemistry , Cytidine/pharmacology , DCMP Deaminase/antagonists & inhibitors , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Molecular Structure , Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics , Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Stereoisomerism , Thymidylate Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
We report the application of our phosphoramidate ProTide technology to the ribonucleoside analogue 4'-azidouridine to generate novel antiviral agents for the inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV). 4'-Azidouridine did not inhibit HCV, although 4'-azidocytidine was a potent inhibitor of HCV replication under similar assay conditions. However 4'-azidouridine triphosphate was a potent inhibitor of RNA synthesis by HCV polymerase, raising the question as to whether our phosphoramidate ProTide approach could effectively deliver 4'-azidouridine monophosphate to HCV replicon cells and unleash the antiviral potential of the triphosphate. Twenty-two phosphoramidates were prepared, including variations in the aryl, ester, and amino acid regions. A number of compounds showed sub-micromolar inhibition of HCV in cell culture without detectable cytotoxicity. These results confirm that phosphoramidate ProTides can deliver monophosphates of ribonucleoside analogues and suggest a potential path to the generation of novel antiviral agents against HCV infection. The generic message is that ProTide synthesis from inactive parent nucleosides may be a warranted drug discovery strategy.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Azides/chemical synthesis , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Organophosphorus Compounds/chemical synthesis , Uridine/analogs & derivatives , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Azides/chemistry , Azides/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Hepacivirus/genetics , Humans , Models, Molecular , Organophosphorus Compounds/chemistry , Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology , Replicon , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Uridine/chemical synthesis , Uridine/chemistry , Uridine/pharmacologyABSTRACT
We have previously reported our SAR optimization of the anticancer agent thymectacin. Tuning of the parent ProTide structure initially involved the amino acid and, subsequently, the aromatic masking group on the phosphate moiety. Herein, derivatives bearing the combined modifications are reported and biological evaluation is described. Moreover, separation of the diastereoisomeric final product mixture shows a different cytostatic activity for the two diastereoisomers. Through computational and NMR studies, the absolute stereochemistry of the phosphorus center of the two diastereoisomers has been suggested.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Bromodeoxyuridine/analogs & derivatives , Bromodeoxyuridine/chemical synthesis , Naphthalenes/chemical synthesis , Organophosphorus Compounds/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Bromodeoxyuridine/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Naphthalenes/pharmacology , Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
The effect of different proportions of borage oil on the in vitro transcutaneous delivery of tamoxifen were studied, with the aim of developing a gel capable of the simultaneous delivery of tamoxifen and gamma linolenic acid across (breast) skin. Supplementary work probed 1H NMR spectral data for tamoxifen in the presence of different proportions of polyunsaturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Typical, non-aqueous gels were modified to contain 1% tamoxifen and three levels of borage oil ( approximately 25% gamma linolenic acid) and the transcutaneous delivery of both tamoxifen and GLA across full thickness skin determined in vitro. Both tamoxifen and gamma linolenic acid permeated the skin with the ratio of moles being consistent at approximately 4:1. This was irrespective of time, amount of borage oil contained in the formulation (above a minimum) and the presence of other (unsaturated) excipients: mineral oil, Miglyiol 810N, white soft paraffin, PEG400 and Cabosil M5. Dose-dependent downfield shifts of tamoxifen aromatic protons were observed in the presence of borage oil and linolenic acid (gamma and alpha), but not saturated triacyl glycerol. The permeation data suggested vehicular complexation between tamoxifen and polyunsaturated constituents of borage oil and that such complexes permeated the skin intact. The 1H NMR data supported the hypothesis that such complexation was a consequence of preferential pi-pi orbital interactions between the phenyl groups of tamoxifen and the multiple double bonds of GLA. The mechanism for the permeation of intact complexes across skin remains to be elucidated.
