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1.
Nutr Res ; 35(4): 328-36, 2015 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25640963

ABSTRACT

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet ß-cells, a process associated with inflammatory signals. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation with botanicals known to contain anti-inflammatory properties would prevent losses in functional ß-cell mass in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a rodent model of autoimmune-mediated islet inflammation that spontaneously develops diabetes. Female NOD mice, a model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, were fed a diet supplemented with herbal extracts (1.916 g total botanical extracts per 1 kg of diet) over a 12-week period. The mice consumed isocaloric matched diets without (controls) and with polyherbal supplementation (PHS) ad libitum starting at a prediabetic stage (age 6 weeks) for 12 weeks. Control mice developed hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) within 16 weeks (n = 9). By contrast, mice receiving the PHS diet did not develop hyperglycemia by 18 weeks (n = 8). Insulin-positive cell mass within pancreatic islets was 31.9% greater in PHS mice relative to controls. We also detected a 26% decrease in CD3(+) lymphocytic infiltration in PHS mice relative to mice consuming a control diet. In vitro assays revealed reduced ß-cell expression of the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 after overnight PHS addition to the culture media. We conclude that dietary PHS delays initiation of autoimmune-mediated ß-cell destruction and subsequent onset of diabetes mellitus by diminishing islet inflammatory responses.


Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Hyperglycemia/drug therapy , Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Chemokine CCL2/genetics , Chemokine CCL2/metabolism , Chemokine CXCL10/genetics , Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Female , Inflammation Mediators/pharmacology , Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred NOD , Prediabetic State/drug therapy , Rats
2.
Nutr Clin Pract ; 27(6): 808-11, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23087262

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Enteral nutrition has been demonstrated to reduce ventilator days and the incidence of pneumonia, but the safest route for providing enteral nutrition to mechanically ventilated patients is unclear. Our objective was to determine if there is a difference between the incidences of microaspiration of gastric secretions in patients fed via a nasogastric tube vs a postpyloric tube while undergoing rotational therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained for this prospective, randomized study. Patients were randomized to gastric or postpyloric enteral feedings. Daily tracheal secretion samples were collected, and we used an immunoassay to detect pepsin. Using the data for aspiration and tube type, a univariate unadjusted odds ratio was calculated to assess the risk of aspiration between the 2 tube types. An independent samples t test was used to analyze the hypothesis that microaspiration significantly affects lung recovery from ARDS. RESULTS: Of the 20 study patients, 9 (45%) received nasogastric feeds and 11 (55%) received postpyloric feeds. Western blot analysis for the presence of pepsin in each tracheal aspirate revealed microaspiration in 2 nasogastric (22%) and 2 (18%) postpyloric patients. The nasogastric tube provided a protective effect for aspirating with an odds ratio of .778 (95% confidence interval, .09-6.98). An independent samples t test was used and showed no significant change in PaO(2):FiO(2) ratio in the aspirating vs nonaspirating group (P = .552). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that enteral nutrition should not be delayed or stopped to position the tube in patients with ARDS on rotational therapy.


Subject(s)
Enteral Nutrition/methods , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/adverse effects , Respiratory Aspiration/prevention & control , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Immunoassay , Incidence , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/methods , Length of Stay , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Pepsin A/analysis , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Respiratory Aspiration/etiology , Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications , Risk Factors , Trachea/metabolism
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