ABSTRACT
Our aim was to determine if water-enhanced antegrade magnetic resonance (MR) pyelography can be an alternative to conventional antegrade pyelography in pregnant patients who require percutaneous nephrostomy placement for urosepsis and/or obstructive uropathy. The pregnant patient was placed supine in a 1.5-T MRI scanner seven days after percutaneous nephrostomy placement using ultrasound. Serial axial and coronal T2-weighted echo-planar fast spin-echo sequences were performed before and after injection of the catheter. The right nephrostomy catheter hub was sterilised using chlorhexidine. Sixty millilitres of sterile water were slowly injected. No Gd-based contrast agent was utilised due to safety concerns for the foetus. MR antegrade pyelography demonstrated the level of ureteric obstruction and the absence of renal calculi using sterile water as a contrast medium injected through a percutaneous nephrostomy followed by T2-weighted imaging. Air bubbles in the injected solution were differentiated from calculi due to their mobility on serial scans and their anti-dependent position. Water-enhanced antegrade MR pyelography was a safe and effective method of imaging the pregnant patient. It served as an alternative to conventional antegrade pyelography and minimised potential risks to the foetus.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The Hardman index is a predictor of 30-day mortality after open ruptured abdominal aneurysm repair through the use of preoperative patient factors. The aim of this study was to assess the Hardman index in patients undergoing endovascular repair of ruptured aortic aneurysms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 95 patients undergoing emergency endovascular repairs of computed tomography-confirmed ruptured aneurysms from 1994 to 2008 in a university hospital was performed. All relevant patient variables, calculations of the Hardman index, and the incidence of 30-day mortality were collected in these patients. Correlation of the relationship between each variable and the overall score with the incidence of 30-day mortality was undertaken. RESULTS: The 24-hour mortality was 16% and 30-day mortality 36%. Increasing scores on the Hardman index showed an increasing mortality rate. Thirty-day mortality in patients with a score of 0 to 2 was 30.5%, and in those with a score of ≥3 was 69.2% (P = .01, risk ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval = 0.98 to 5.17). This is lower than predicted in both patient groups based on Hardman index score. Loss of consciousness was the only statistically significant independent predictor of 30-day mortality with a risk ratio of 3.16 (95% confidence interval = 2.00-4.97, P < .001). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the Hardman index can predict an increased risk of 30-day mortality from endovascular repairs of ruptured aortic aneurysms. However, mortality from endovascular repair is much lower than would be predicted in open repair and it therefore cannot be used clinically as a tool for exclusion from intervention.
