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1.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev ; 54(1): 17-25, 2023 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34302209

ABSTRACT

The present study investigated the interactive effect of reactive (negative emotionality) and regulatory (effortful control) aspects of temperament in the prediction of child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Clinically anxious children and their mothers completed a battery of questionnaires that included self- and mother-ratings of child effortful control, negative emotionality, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effect of effortful control on the relation between negative emotionality and child anxiety and depressive symptom severity. The interaction between negative emotionality and effortful control was statistically significant and simple slopes revealed that as effortful control increased, the relationship between negative emotionality and anxiety and depressive symptoms weakened. Among anxious children high in negative emotionality, greater effortful control was related to less severe anxiety and depressive symptoms. Future work should evaluate whether targeting effortful control leads to reductions in internalizing symptoms among clinically anxious youth.


Subject(s)
Anxiety , Depression , Female , Adolescent , Humans , Child , Depression/diagnosis , Anxiety/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Temperament , Mothers
3.
Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol ; 50(1): 63-75, 2022 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33620663

ABSTRACT

Fearful temperament-the tendency to exhibit apprehension and/or avoidance in novel situations-is a well-established risk factor for childhood anxiety in general, and social anxiety in particular. Yet, there is little understanding of parent emotion socialization strategies that influence the association between fearful temperament and child social anxiety symptoms. The present investigation addresses this gap in the literature by examining maternal punitive responses to clinically anxious children's negative emotions as a moderator of the covariance between fearful temperament and social anxiety symptom severity. Clinically anxious children ages 8-12 years (N = 105; 57.1% female; 61.9% racial/ethnic minority) and their mothers completed measures assessing child fearful temperament, maternal punitive emotion socialization responses, and child social anxiety symptoms. Children also participated in an anxiety-provoking speech task during which manifest social anxiety was coded by trained observers. Children's fearful temperament coupled with greater maternal punitive responses to children's negative emotions was associated with lower child-reported social anxiety symptoms. Models predicting manifest social anxiety were not significant. Maternal punitive responses to children's negative emotions may encourage clinically anxious youth to approach feared situations and therefore result in lower anxiety. Yet, the potentially negative effects of punitive responses on other aspects of anxious children's socioemotional development warrant scientific attention. Future research should examine the phenomenology of punitive parental responses among parents of anxious youth to better understand their effects on child behavior.


Subject(s)
Ethnicity , Temperament , Adolescent , Anxiety/psychology , Child , Fear/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Minority Groups , Temperament/physiology
4.
Dev Psychobiol ; 63(2): 320-337, 2021 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32524580

ABSTRACT

Individual differences in interpretation biases-the tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threatening-partially explain the presence of comorbid depressive symptoms among anxious youth. Increasing efforts have examined physiological processes that influence the association between interpretation biases and depressive symptoms in this population, and potential gender differences in this relationship. This study examined the moderating role of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) suppression (i.e., decrease from baseline)-an index of parasympathetic nervous system reactivity-in the association between interpretation biases and depressive symptoms in clinically anxious youth. One-hundred-and-five clinically anxious children (Mage  = 10.09 years, SD = 1.22; 56.7% female; 61.9% racial/ethnic minority) completed measures of self-reported and behaviorally indexed interpretation biases, reported anxiety/depression symptom severity, and participated in a speech task. RSA suppression during the task moderated the association between interpretation biases and depressive symptom severity in the total sample. Separate exploratory moderation analyses were conducted among girls and boys. Among girls, RSA suppression moderated the association between behaviorally indexed interpretation biases and depressive symptoms, and marginally moderated (p = .067) the association between self-reported interpretation biases and depressive symptoms. Among boys, RSA suppression was not a significant moderator. These findings may help identify clinically anxious youth most at-risk for comorbid depressive symptoms.


Subject(s)
Depression , Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia , Adolescent , Anxiety/epidemiology , Bias , Child , Depression/epidemiology , Ethnic and Racial Minorities , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , Individuality , Male , Minority Groups
5.
Cogn Behav Ther ; 49(6): 501-517, 2020 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32692282

ABSTRACT

The present study examined the underlying role of anxiety sensitivity in the association between effortful control and anxiety and depressive symptoms in a sample of clinically anxious children. It was hypothesized that effortful control would exert an indirect effect through anxiety sensitivity in relation to child anxiety and depressive symptoms. Clinically anxious children (N= 105; Mage = 10.09 years, SD = 1.22; 56.7% female; 61% ethnic minority) and their mothers completed a diagnostic interview and a battery of questionnaires that included self- and mother-ratings of child effortful control, anxiety sensitivity, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. The indirect effect of effortful control via anxiety sensitivity on child anxiety and depressive symptoms was significant across child- and mother-completed measures. Among clinically anxious youth, greater effortful control was related to lower anxiety sensitivity, which was related to lower anxiety and depressive symptoms. Future work should evaluate whether targeting effortful control leads to clinically meaningful reductions in anxiety sensitivity and child anxiety and depressive symptoms.


Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Anxiety/psychology , Depression/psychology , Executive Function , Inhibition, Psychological , Temperament , Child , Ethnicity , Female , Humans , Impulsive Behavior , Male , Minority Groups , Surveys and Questionnaires
6.
Cogn Behav Ther ; 49(5): 361-373, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32343190

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to replicate the finding that younger age predicts higher pre quit-day attrition. Our second aim was to explain this relation by examining empirically and theoretically informed age-related risk factors for low smoking cessation treatment engagement. 136 participants (Mage = 44.2 years, SD = 11.3 years; age = 22-64 years) were randomized to 15-weeks of either 1) an exercise intervention (n = 72) or 2) a wellness education control condition (n = 64). First, a logistic regression analysis was employed to test whether younger adults were more likely than older adults to drop prior to quit date. Next, we assessed whether smoking related health concerns, social expectancies, and/or perceived severity of craving affected the strength of the relation between age and attrition, by adding these three variables to the logistic regression along with age. The logistic regression model indicated that younger age and treatment condition were significantly related to the odds of dropping from treatment prior to the scheduled quit date. Further, health concerns, social expectancies, and/or perceived severity of cravings did not account for the effect of age on pre quit-day attrition. These findings highlight the importance of identifying empirically and theoretically informed variables associated with the pre quit-day attrition problem of young smokers.


Subject(s)
Patient Dropouts/statistics & numerical data , Smokers/psychology , Smoking Cessation , Adult , Age Factors , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Models, Psychological , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Young Adult
7.
Contemp Clin Trials Commun ; 14: 100340, 2019 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30899837

ABSTRACT

Heavy users and addicted individuals have shown to develop an approach action tendency - or approach bias - toward stimuli related to the substance of interest. Emerging evidence points to approach bias retraining (ABR) as an effective aid for the treatment of addictive behaviors. The current study seeks to extend this work by testing, in a pilot study, whether standard smoking cessation treatment involving cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and nicotine replacement therapy can be augmented by ABR. To this end, we will randomly assign 100 adult smokers to either ABR-augmented treatment or placebo-augmented treatment and compare the two conditions on short-term and long-term abstinence rates. The hope is that the findings of this study can inform treatment development for adult smokers.

8.
Contemp Clin Trials ; 77: 1-7, 2019 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30557623

ABSTRACT

Extant evidence suggests that exercise can reduce anxiety related vulnerability factors, such as anxiety sensitivity (AS), or fear of bodily sensations related to anxiety, that negatively impact smoking cessation outcomes. Building upon emerging evidence supporting the efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in adults with high AS, we are conducting a trial to examine the efficacy and feasibility of this clinical application when implemented in a community setting. Partnering with the YMCA, this study aims to enroll 150 adults in a standard smoking cessation protocol (i.e. counseling and nicotine replacement therapy) and randomly assign them to either 15 weeks of programmed vigorous-intensity or low-intensity exercise. Smoking abstinence data will be collected up to 6 months following the quit attempt.


Subject(s)
Anxiety/therapy , Exercise Therapy/methods , Smoking Cessation/methods , Smoking Cessation/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Counseling/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Research Design , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Tobacco Use Cessation Devices , Young Adult
9.
Contemp Clin Trials Commun ; 11: 136-141, 2018 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30094389

ABSTRACT

There is a surprising lack of disseminable, community-based interventions for veterans experiencing difficulties during the reintegration process from military to civilian life. Physical Activity and Community Engagement (PACE) is a program which combines routine vigorous-intensity exercise with community engagement. The program builds on emergent evidence supporting the benefits of routine vigorous-intensity exercise among and establishing social connection. Using a randomized controlled trial (N = 60), we will obtain feasibility data and initial effect sizes for the early effects of PACE on reintegration difficulties.

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