Fatigue behavior of multilayer ceramic structures in traditional and reverse layering designs.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the fatigue failure load (FFL) and the number of cycles for fatigue failure (CFF) of traditional (porcelain layer up) and reversed (zirconia layer up) designs of porcelain-veneered zirconia samples prepared with heat-pressing or file-splitting techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zirconia discs were prepared and veneered with heat-pressed or machined feldspathic ceramic. The bilayer discs were bonded onto a dentin-analog according to the bilayer technique and sample design: traditional heat-pressing (T-HP), reversed heat-pressing (R-HP), traditional file-splitting with fusion ceramic (T-FC), reversed file-splitting with fusion ceramic R-FC), traditional file-splitting with resin cement (T-RC), and reversed file-splitting with resin cement (R-RC). The fatigue tests were performed using the stepwise approach at 20 Hz, 10,000 cycles/step, step-size of 200 N starting at 600 N, and proceeding until failure detection or up to 2600 N if enduring. The failure modes (from radial and/or cone cracks) were analyzed in a stereomicroscope. RESULTS: The reversed design decreased the FFL and CFF of bilayers prepared with heat-pressing and file-splitting with fusion ceramic. The T-HP and T-FC reached the highest results, which were statistically similar between them. The bilayers prepared by the file-splitting with resin cement (T-RC and R-RC) were similar to the R-FC and R-HP groups regarding FFL and CFF. Almost all reverse layering samples failed by radial cracks. CONCLUSIONS: The reverse layering design did not improve the fatigue behavior of porcelain veneered zirconia samples. The three bilayer techniques behaved similarly when used in the reversed design.

Interface adhesion on layered zirconia: Effects of the veneering ceramic material and veneering technique.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different veneering ceramics and veneering techniques on the bond strength to zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3Y-TZP zirconia blocks were sliced into 60 slabs, polished, and sintered. Each slab received one ceramic cylinder (Ø = 3.4 mm, 5 mm-high), according to the veneering ceramic type (feldspathic-FEL or lithium disilicate-based-LD) and the veneering technique (file-splitting with resin-based luting agent-RC, file-splitting with fusion ceramic-FC, or heat-pressing-HT), which resulted in six groups: FEL-RC, FEL-FC, FEL-HT, LD-RC, LD-FC, LD-HT. After preparation, the samples were immersed in distilled water for 24 h before the shear bond strength (SBS) test. The failure modes were classified as adhesive, predominantly adhesive, or cohesive. Representative failure mode images were taken in a Scanning Electron Microscope. The SBS data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Both type of veneering ceramic and technique affected the bond strength. FC led to the highest SBS values. RC and HP provided similar results when compared within each veneering ceramic. Lithium disilicate achieved lower bond strength than feldspathic ceramic when the heat-pressing technique was applied. The most frequent failure modes were predominantly adhesive and adhesive for FEL and LD, respectively. CONCLUSION: File-splitting with fusion ceramic provided the highest adhesion to zirconia when feldspathic or lithium disilicate-based ceramics were used. The heat-pressing technique for veneering with lithium disilicate significantly decreased the bond strength when compared to the feldspathic ceramic.

Resistência à fadiga cíclica de estruturas cerâmicas multilayers em modelos tradicionais e bioinspirados / Cyclic fatigue resistance of multilayer ceramic structures in traditional and bioinspired models

Este estudo avaliou a resistência à fadiga cíclica de estruturas em forma de disco cerâmico multicamada de configuração tradicional (T) e bionispirado em macroescala (B), cimentadas de forma adesiva ao substrato analógo à dentina. As amostras foram produzidas com zircônia (Ø = 10 mm, espessura = 0,5 mm) e cerâmica feldspática (Ø = 10 mm, espessura = 1,5 mm) e foram unidas com três técnicas diferentes (n = 15): Injeção (inj); com vidro de fusão Crystal Connect (cv) e técnica cimentada (cim). Para a configuração tradicional a zircônia foi a infraestrura sobre qual a cerâmica feldspática foi aderida. Para os bioinspirados, a zircônia foi a supraestrutura e a cerâmica feldspática foi a infraestrutura. Os discos foram cimentados em resina G-10 (Ø = 10 mm, espessura = 1,5 mm). As amostras foram testadas sob a abordagem de fadiga cíclica até apresentar alguma trinca observada por transluminação. O método stepwise: 20 Hz, seguidos por etapas incrementais de 200 N a cada 10 x 103ciclos, com carga inicial de 600 N até 2600 N com pistão de 40 mm de diâmetro e célula de carga de 5 KN (Instron Electropuls E 3000, Instron, Glenview, IL, EUA). Todas as amostras foram analisadas estereomicroscópio para determinar o tipo de falha e uma amostra representativa de cada grupo foi analisada no microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). As configurações bioinspiradas testadas foram estatisticamente semelhantes (p > 0,05) e não aumentaram a sobrevivência à fadiga das estruturas comparadas com a técnica tradicional. A bioinspiração apresentou predominantemente trincas radias e únicas. A gradação do modulo elástico em macroescala e a configuração das estruturas. A utilização do conector vítreo se mostro favorável para diminuir das trincas no material análogo á dentina.

This study evaluated the cyclic fatigue resistance of multilayer ceramic discshaped structures of traditional configuration (T) and macroscale bionispirate (B), cemented adhesively to the substrate analogic to dentin. The samples were produced with zirconia (Ø = 10 mm, thickness = 0.5 mm) and feldspar ceramics (Ø = 10 mm, thickness = 1.5 mm) and were joined with three different techniques (n = 15): Injection (inj); with Crystal Connect melting glass (cv) and cemented technique (Cim). For the traditional configuration zirconia was the infraestrura on which the feldspathic ceramic was adhered. For the bioinspired, zirconia was the superstructure, and feldspathic ceramics was the infrastructure. The discs were cemented in G-10 resin (Ø = 10 mm, thickness = 1.5 mm). The samples were tested under the cyclic fatigue approach until some crack was observed by translumination. The stepwise method: 20 Hz, followed by incremental steps of 200 N every 10 x 103 cycles, with initial charge from 600 N to 2600 N (40 mm diameter piston) and 5 KN load cell (Instron Electropuls E 3000, Instron, Glenview, IL, USA). All samples were analyzed stereomicroscopically to determine the type of failure and a representative sample of each group was analyzed in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The bioinspired configurations tested were statistically similar (p > 0.05) and did not increase the fatigue survival of the structures compared to the traditional technique. The bioinspiration presented predominantly radial and unique cracks. The use of the vitreous connector was favorable to decrease the cracks in the analogous dentin material.

The Wear Performance of Glazed and Polished Full Contour Zirconia.

This study evaluated the influence of zirconia surface finishes on the wear of an enamel analogue. 40 zirconia discs were divided into four groups: control (without finish); glazed; polished; polished and glazed. All samples were subjected to wear against steatite antagonists. The specimens underwent roughness, topographic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wettability analyses. Quantitative wear measurements were performed on both steatites and discs. To measure wear of steatites the weight before and after the test and the diameter after the test were used. Profilometer measurements were performed to determine the wear on discs. Roughness, volumetric wear and mass loss were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (5%), while contact angle values were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%). The polished group had the lowest roughness means, being statistically different from the other groups (p-value=0.0001). The glazed group presented the lowest steatite volumetric wear (p-value=0.0001), but not statistically different from the polished and glazed group, whereas these groups presented the highest zirconia volumetric wear, with statistically different (p-value=0.0002) compared to the others. SEM showed irregularities on the control groups surface, grooves on the polished group, and a homogeneous surface for the glazed group with a few pores. All groups presented contact angles lower than 90 degrees, characterizing hydrophilic surfaces. It can be concluded that just glazed zirconia caused less wear on the antagonist when compared to no finish and polished zirconia.

The wear performance of glazed and polished full contour zirconia

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of zirconia surface finishes on the wear of an enamel analogue. 40 zirconia discs were divided into four groups: control (without finish); glazed; polished; polished and glazed. All samples were subjected to wear against steatite antagonists. The specimens underwent roughness, topographic, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wettability analyses. Quantitative wear measurements were performed on both steatites and discs. To measure wear of steatites the weight before and after the test and the diameter after the test were used. Profilometer measurements were performed to determine the wear on discs. Roughness, volumetric wear and mass loss were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (5%), while contact angle values were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%). The polished group had the lowest roughness means, being statistically different from the other groups (p-value=0.0001). The glazed group presented the lowest steatite volumetric wear (p-value=0.0001), but not statistically different from the polished and glazed group, whereas these groups presented the highest zirconia volumetric wear, with statistically different (p-value=0.0002) compared to the others. SEM showed irregularities on the control groups surface, grooves on the polished group, and a homogeneous surface for the glazed group with a few pores. All groups presented contact angles lower than 90 degrees, characterizing hydrophilic surfaces. It can be concluded that just glazed zirconia caused less wear on the antagonist when compared to no finish and polished zirconia.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a influência dos acabamentos superficiais da zircônia no desgaste de um análogo de esmalte. 40 discos de zircônia foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (sem acabamento); glazeado; polido; polido e glazeado. Todas as amostras foram submetidas ao desgaste contra antagonistas de esteatita. Os espécimes foram submetidos à análise de rugosidade, topografia, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise de molhabilidade. Medidas quantitativas de desgaste foram realizadas nos antagonistas e nos discos de zircônia. Para medir o desgaste das esteatitas, foi mensurado o peso antes e depois do desgaste e o diâmetro após o teste. A análise de perfilometria mensurou o desgaste dos discos. Rugosidade, desgaste volumétrico e perda de massa foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (5%), enquanto os valores de ângulo de contato foram analisados com os testes One-way ANOVA e Tukey (5%). O grupo polido apresentou as menores médias de rugosidade, sendo estatisticamente diferente dos demais grupos (p-valor=0,0001). O grupo glazeado apresentou o menor desgaste volumétrico do antagonista (p-valor=0,0001), mas não foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo polido e glazeado, enquanto que esses grupos apresentaram o maior desgaste volumétrico da zircônia, com diferença estatisticamente diferente (p-valor=0,0002) em comparação com os outros. MEV mostrou irregularidades na superfície do grupo controle, sulcos no grupo polido e uma superfície homogênea para o grupo glazeado, com poucos poros. Todos os grupos apresentaram ângulos de contato menores que 90 graus, caracterizando superfícies hidrofílicas. Dentro das limitações deste estudo in vitro, é possível concluir que zircônia glazeada causou menos desgaste ao antagonista quando comparada a zircônia sem tratamento ou polida. Além disso, não foi encontrada diferença no desgaste do antagonista para os grupos de zirconia polida e controle.

In vitro wear of a zirconium-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic against different restorative materials.

It is important to predict the wear behavior of a material as well as its potential to wear antagonized restorative materials. Thus, this study investigated the performance of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) after wear with different antagonists. Thirty discs of ZLS were made and divided into three groups according to the antagonist (n = 10). Ten cylinders of each antagonist were also made. The parameters for the simulation of wear were: 30N, horizontal movement of 6 mm, and 1.7 Hz, totaling 300,000 cycles, in distilled water. Wear measurements (volume losses (mm3)) on the ZLS and antagonists were performed by digital optical profilometry or an analytical balance. Hardness of all materials was also measured, whereas roughness and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were only accessed for the ZLS. The wear and hardness values were subjected to one-way ANOVA and the Tukey Test (95%), while the roughness data was analyzed with paired T-test (95%). The hardness means of all materials were statistically different (zirconia > steatite = ZLS > acrylic resin) (p = 0.0001). Zirconia and steatite severely worn ZLS and only acrylic resin worn surfaces could be measured for roughness, which was significantly higher after wear (p = 0.007). SEM showed the ZLS's wear tracks when worn by steatite and zirconia. It was possible to observe differences of ZLS wear patterns depending on the antagonist and quantify the volumes worn with steatite (17.61 ±â€¯2.65) and zirconia (41.98 ±â€¯19.45), which were significantly different (p = 0.001). Acrylic resin promoted a superficial wear on ZLS that could not be quantified. In terms of the antagonists' materials, zirconia presented significantly different less volume loss compared to acrylic resin and steatite (p = 0.000). It can be concluded that zirconia caused more wear on ZLS than steatite and acrylic resin.

Cerâmicas feldspáticas estratificadas e em blocos para sistema CAD/CAM: avaliação da topografia superficial, formação de biofilme inicial e viabilidade celular / Ceramic feldspathic for stratification technique and blocks for system CAD /CAM: evaluation of surface topography, biofilm formation and cell viability

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a topografia e a formação de biofilme na superfície de cerâmicas feldspáticas obtidas através de duas técnicas de confecção e dois tratamentos de superfície, assim como avaliar a viabilidade do crescimento de fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FMM-1) sobre estes materiais. Foram confeccionados 52 blocos de cada tipo de cerâmica feldspática: VM9 obtida através da técnica da estratificação e cerâmica Vita Blocs Mark II (VMII) para o sistema CAD/CAM (ambas, Vita Zahnfabrik). As superfícies dos blocos foram padronizadas em politriz nas dimensões de 4,5 x 4,5 x 1,5 mm e os blocos foram divididos em dois tratamentos de finalização de superfície: polimento com borrachas Ceramisté + pasta de polimento e aplicação de glaze spray + sinterização. Os parâmetros de rugosidade Ra e Rsm foram mensurados através de um rugosímetro de contato. As amostras foram esterilizadas e, em seguida contaminadas (n=10) para formação de biofilme heterotípico inicial de S. mutans, S. sanguinis e C. albicans, cuja aderência foi quantificada por contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL). O teste MTT foi empregado para avaliação da viabilidade celular dos materiais ao crescimento de fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FMM-1) em 24 h e 7 dias (n=12). Foram realizadas análises qualitativas da superfície dos espécimes através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e perfilometria óptica 3D. A energia livre de superfície (ELS) foi calculada a partir de análises de goniômetria com líquidos polar e apolar em 10 amostras de 15 x 1 5 x 1,5 mm. Os resultados de Ra, RSm e ELS foram submetidos à análise de variância ANOVA 2 fatores (material x tratamento de superfície) seguido por teste de Tukey (ambos, α=95%), e os dados de UFC fatores (material x tratamento x micro-organismos) e MTT (material x tratamento x tempo) foram avaliados por ANOVA 3 fatores e teste Tukey (α=95%). As imagens de MEV e perfilometria foram descritas. As cerâmicas polidas apresentaram menor rugosidade (Ra p=0,015; RSm p=0,049) e maior ELS (p=0,00), sendo que a mais alta Ra foi verificada para VM9 glazeada. A aderência bacteriana foi influenciada pela interação de todos os fatores (p=0,018). Os Streptococcus formaram em maior número em todos os materiais, mas sobre VMII polida não houve aderência de C. albicans. Inicialmente, os materiais apresentaram ausência de citotoxicidade, mas a viabilidade celular de todos os grupos foi reduzida após 7 dias (p=0,00). As micrografias mostram que a aderência de micro-organismos ocorreu independente de irregularidades na topografia dos materiais, e as imagens de perfilometria ressaltaram o padrão de ranhuras das amostras polidas e o acúmulo de glaze em "ilhas" nas amostras glazeadas. Foi possível concluir que ambas técnicas de obtenção resultam em cerâmicas feldspáticas biocompatíveis e que a finalização da superfície por polimento resultou em menor rugosidade média, maior ELS e menor aderência de C. albicans(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the topography and surface biofilm formation of feldspathic ceramics obtained through two techniques of preparation and two surface treatments, as well as to evaluate the viability of human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1) growth on these materials. A total of 52 blocks of each type of feldspathic ceramic were made: VM9 obtained by the stratification technique and Vita Blocs Mark II (VMII) for the CAD/CAM system (both, Vita Zahnfabrik). The blocks' surfaces were standardized in a polishing machine to the dimensions of 4.5 x 4.5 x 1.5 mm and blocks were divided into two surface finishing treatments: polishing with Ceramisté rubbers + polishing with paste; and glaze application + sintering. The Ra and RSm roughness parameters were measured through a contact rugosimeter. Samples were sterilized and then contaminated (n = 10) for initial heterotypic biofilm formation of S. mutans, S. sanguinis and C. albicans, whose adherence was quantified by counting colony forming units (CFU/mL). The MTT test was used to evaluate the cellular viability of the materials to the growth of human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1) in 24 h and 7 days (n=12). Qualitative analyzes of the specimens' surface were performed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D optical profilometry. Surface free energy (SFE) was calculated from goniometry analyzes of polar and apolar liquids in 10 samples of 15 x 15 x 1.5 mm. The results of Ra, RSm and ELS were subjected to 2-way ANOVA (Material x surface treatment) followed by Tukey's test (both, α=95%), and UFC (material x surface treatment x microorganisms) and MTT (material x surfacetreatment x time) data were evaluated by 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=95%). SEM and profilometry images were described. The polished ceramics presented lower roughness (Ra p=0.015; RSm p=0.049) and higher SFE (p=0.00), with the highest Ra being verified for glazed VM9. Bacterial adherence was influenced by the interaction of all factors (p=0.018). Streptococcus formed in greater number in all materials, but on polished VMII there was no adherence of C. albicans. Initially, the materials showed no cytotoxicity, but the cell viability of all groups was reduced after 7 days (p=0.00). Micrographs showed that microorganisms adherence occurred regardless of irregularities in the topography of the materials, and the profilometry images emphasized the grooved pattern of the polished samples and the glaze accumulation in "islands" in glazed samples. The surface treatments had greater influence than the technique of making the feldsphapatic ceramics. It could be concluded that both obtaining techniques resulted in biocompatible feldsphatic ceramics and that the surface finishing by polishing resulted in lower mean roughness, higher SFE and lower C. albicans adhesion(AU)