Effect of Physical Activity on Self-Concept: Theoretical Model on the Mediation of Body Image and Physical Self-Concept in Adolescents.

Objective: The aim of this research was to study the mediation of body dissatisfaction, physical self-concept, and body mass index (BMI) on the relationship between physical activity and self-concept in adolescents. Materials and Methods: A sample of 652 Spanish students between 12 and 17 years participated in a cross-sectional study. Physical self-concept and general self-concept were assessed with the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF), body dissatisfaction with the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and physical activity was estimated with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF). BMI was utilized as a measurement of body composition. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the results. Results: The resulting models showed good fit indexes. Final model for all participants explained the 17% of the variance of body dissatisfaction, 57% of physical self-concept, and 60% of general self-concept. Physical activity had a positive and indirect effect on self-concept (ß = 0.29, p < 0.01) and direct effects on body dissatisfaction (ß = -0.26, p < 0.01) and physical self-concept (ß = 0.20, p < 0.01). BMI had a direct effect on body dissatisfaction (ß = 0.31, p < 0.01) and on physical self-concept (ß = -0.10, p < 0.01) and an indirect effect on general self-concept (ß = -0.24, p < 0.01). However, it was only associated with physical activity in males, playing a mediating role between physical activity and body dissatisfaction. Conclusion: Physical activity can help individuals to achieve a positive self-concept and promote psychological well-being in adolescents through the improvement of physical perceptions and body satisfaction. The importance of BMI, body dissatisfaction, and physical self-concept on the configuration of the self-concept is also emphasized. Educational policymakers and Physical Education teachers should implement strategies to promote physical activity in the schools and provide a Quality Physical Education programs to increase physical activity during adolescence.

Percepción del tamaño corporal e insatisfacción en Niños de 3 a 6 años: una revisión sistemática / Perception of body size and dissatisfaction in children aged 3 to 6: a systematic review

La imagen corporal es un constructo ampliamente estudiado, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la percepción e insatisfacción con la propia imagen. La mayoría de las investigaciones se centran en la adolescencia y adultez, aunque los problemas de insatisfacción aparecen cada vez a edades más tempranas. Por tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue analizar los hallazgos más transcendentes sobre insatisfacción corporal y percepción del propio tamaño corporal en niños de 3 a 6 años (segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil). A tal fin, se usaron las bases de datos de Medline, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dialnet, ProQuest y EBSCO, de las cuales se seleccionaron 22 estudios, en base a criterios de exclusión como el idioma, la revisión por pares y la medición objetiva del Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) de los niños. Los resultados son diversos en cuanto a los niveles de insatisfacción, lo cual hace imposible establecer conclusiones acertadas sobre las características y prevalencia de dicha variable a estas edades. Entre las principales razones de esta dificultad destaca el tipo de instrumento empleado y las dificultades de los niños para percibir su cuerpo con exactitud (AU)

Body image is a construct that has been widely studied, particularly with regard to image perception and dissatisfaction. Though most research studies focus on adolescence and adulthood, dissatisfaction problems are manifesting themselves at increasingly early ages. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyse the most significant findings on body dissatisfaction and body-size perception among children aged 3 to 6 (second cycle of pre-school education). To this end the Medline, SportDiscus, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Dialnet, ProQuest and EBSCO databases were used, and from which a total of 22 studies were selected in accordance with exclusion criteria such as language, peer review and the objective measurement of the body mass index (BMI) of children. In terms of levels of dissatisfaction, results vary widely, making it impossible to draw sound conclusions on the nature and prevalence of this variable at these ages. The main reasons for this include the type of instrument used and the difficulties children had in perceiving their bodies correctly (AU)

Influencia del modelo de Educación Deportiva en las necesidades psicológicas básicas / / Influência do Modelo de Educação Esportiva nas necessidades psicológicas básicas / Influence of the Sport Education Model in the psychological basic needs

Tomando la teoría de la Autodeterminación como marco, el objetivo del estudio fue conocer el impacto del modelo de Educación Deportiva en la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en alumnos de Educación Secundaria en Educación Física. Para ello se seleccionaron dos grupos de alumnos de entre 15 y 17 años: un grupo experimental (n=43) que desarrolló un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de Educación Deportiva de 19 sesiones, y un grupo de control (n=43) que cursó un programa de 19 sesiones de Educación Física tradicional. Se tomaron medidas pre- y pos-test en ambos grupos. Los resultados hallaron mejoras significativas en la satisfacción de competencia en los alumnos que utilizaron el modelo de Educación Deportiva. Se discutieron los resultados obtenidos subrayando la idoneidad del modelo de Educación Deportiva para favorecer la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en Educación Física (AU)

Using the Self-determination Theory as a guide framework, the aim of the study was to analyze the impact of Sport Education Model in psychological basic need satisfaction in Physical Education secondary students. Two groups were used for the study: an experimental group (N=43), which received 19 lessons following the Sport Education Model, and a control group (N=43), which received 19 traditional Physical Education lessons. Pre- and post-intervention measures were taken in both groups. The results showed significant improvements in the satisfaction of the competence in the Sport Education group. The results were discussed and it was emphasized the suitability of the Sport Education Model to improve the satisfaction of psychological basic needs in Physical Education (AU)

Usando a teoria da Autodeterminação (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2002) como referência, o objetivo do estudo foi analisar o impacto do modelo de Educação Esportiva em satisfação psicológica necessidade básica em alunos do ensino secundário de Educação Física. Dois grupos foram utilizados para o estudo: um grupo experimental (N = 43), que recebeu 19 lições seguindo a modelo de Educação Esportiva, e um grupo controle (N = 43), que recebeu 19 lições de Educação Física tradicionais. Medidas de pré-e pós-intervenção foram tomadas em ambos os grupos. Os resultados mostraram melhorias significativas na satisfação da competência do grupo Esporte Educação. Os resultados foram discutidos e enfatizou-se a adequação do modelo de Educação Esportiva para melhorar a satisfação das necessidades básicas psicológicos em Educação Física (AU)

Relación entre imagen corporal y autoconcepto físico en mujeres adolescentes / Relationship between body image and physical self-concept in adolescent females

El presente estudio examina las diferencias existentes entre los distintos subdominios del autoconcepto físico, en función de la insatisfacción corporal y el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Participaron 447 mujeres adolescentes españolas entre 12 y 17 años de edad, a las que se aplicó el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF), el instrumento Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) y la Escala de Evaluación de la Imagen Corporal de Gardner, además de recopilarse datos antropométricos para calcular su IMC. Los resultados informan de que una mayor insatisfacción corporal y un IMC más alto se relacionan con peores percepciones físicas, especialmente en relación con el atractivo, y con un autoconcepto más devaluado. Como conclusión, se destaca la importancia de una imagen corporal saludable en la configuración del autoconcepto físico y general de la mujer adolescente.

This study examines the differences between the different subdomains of physical self-concept, based on body dissatisfaction and Body Mass Index (BMI). A sample of 447 spanish female adolescents aged 12 to 17 participated in this study, and were administered the Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (CAF), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), and Gardner's Scale for the Assessment of Body Image. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate their BMI. The results indicate that greater body dissatisfaction and higher BMI were associated with worse physical perceptions, especially in relation to appearance and a more devalued self-concept. In conclusion, the importance of a healthy body image is highlighted, as it configures the self - and general - concept in adolescent females. Further details are reported in the text.

Diseño y validación de un cuestionario sobre la percepción del deportista respecto a su reincorporación al entrenamiento tras una lesión / Design and validation of a questionnaire on the perception of the athlete regarding his return to raining after injury

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo diseñar y validar un cuestionario que mida la percepción que tiene el deportista lesionado en relación a su RTP a corto plazo. Para la validación del instrumento se aplicó la metodología Dephi para la validez de contenido, en el que participaron un total de 16 jueces expertos. Para el cálculo de la validez concurrente, se utilizó como gold standard diferentes pruebas físicas (medidas antropométricas, prueba de velocidad 8x5, y prueba de Barrow), psicológicas (ansiedad estado y estados de ánimo) y médicas (proceso de progresión funcional y percepción de dolor). Los resultados señalan que la puesta en práctica de la herramienta en un contexto deportivo de nivel profesional invita a pensar en adecuados niveles de validez y utilidad del instrumento como complemento a otro tipo de pruebas y valoraciones (AU)

This study aims to design and validate a questionnaire that measures the perception of the injured athlete regarding their short-term RTP. For the validation of the instrument the Delphi methodology for content validity, involving a total of 16 expert judges, was applied. For the calculation of the concurrent validity, different physical (anthropometric measurements, 8x5 speed test and Barrow test), psychological (anxiety state and moods) and medical (process of functional progression and perception pain) tests were used as gold standard. The results show that the implementation of the questionnaire in a sports context invites professional to think of appropriate levels of validity and utility of the instrument as a complement to other tests and assessments (AU)

Assessment of secondary school students' game performance related to tactical contexts.

Certain limitations remain unaddressed when utilizing the Teaching Games for Understanding approach, suggesting the need for more research on authentic assessment of skill development and tactical awareness in order to guide the design of developmentally appropriate curriculum materials. This study investigated physical education students' (n=19; age: 13.71 ± 0.4) game performance during an invasion game, specifically the relationship between their skill execution and decision-making ability. The purpose of the study was twofold: (a) to devise and implement a 'game context' approach to assess the game performance components and in doing so, (b) to provide information that could be used to design suitable learning progressions within tactical teaching approaches. Students' game performance was videotaped, and measures of skill execution and decision-making were developed from observational analyses. Decision-making was measured at two levels: a) decision making restricted to the selection of technical-tactical skills (i.e., passing, moving with the ball, getting free, marking, tackling, double teaming and interception; and b) decision-making in the adaptation to the tactical contexts of the game. Participants played a 5 vs. 5 modified eight-minute team handball game. Participants scored significantly higher in penetrating-the-defense context adaptation than in keeping-the-ball context adaptation. Participants showed a higher efficiency in decision-making than in execution in most of the technical-tactical skills; including on-the-ball over off-the-ball decision-making, and in attack compared to defensive execution. The findings also revealed significant relationships between decision-making and skill execution in shooting, tackling and passing.

Perfiles motivacionales en Educación Física: una aproximación desde la teoría de las Metas de Logro 2x2 / Motivational profiles in Physical Education: an approach from the 2x2 Achievement Goals Theory

Objetivo del estudio fue determinar los perfiles motivacionales del alumnado de educación física a través del análisis de las orientaciones a meta 2x2, así como las percepciones del clima motivacional en función de dichos perfiles, y las diferencias por género. Tomando la teoría de las Me-tas de Logro (Nicholls, 1989) como marco, 390 estudiantes de Secundaria (113 mujeres y 277 hombres entre 14 y 16 años) cumplimentaron los cuestionarios de metas de logro 2x2 en educación física y de orientaciones de aprendizaje y rendimiento en las clases de educación física. El análisis por género evidenció una mayor orientación a la tarea y un mayor clima-tarea por parte de las chicas. El análisis de conglomerados obtuvo cuatro perfiles. Un primer perfil con altas metas de logro, un segundo con metas moderadas, un tercero con metas bajas y un cuarto caracterizado por altas metas de aproximación y maestría. El análisis multivariante reveló que los estudiantes del primer y cuarto perfil percibían más un clima-tarea. A partir de los resultados, se sugiere la promoción, a través del clima motivacional de clase, de metas de maestría junto con la aproximación-rendimiento para favorecer la creación de perfiles adaptativos (AU)

The aim of the study was to know de motivational profiles in students of physical education analyzing the 2x2 achievement goals and the different perceptions of the motivational climate according these pro-files, and the differences by gender. Using the Achievement Goals theory (Nicholls, 1989) as guiding framework, 390 Spanish secondary school students (113 girls and 227 boys; 14-16 years old) completed the 2x2 Achievement Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire and the Learning and Performance Orientations in Physical Education Classes Questionnaire. The differential analysis by gender showed a greater task-orientation and a higher perception of mastery-climate by girls. Cluster analysis showed four distinct groups. The first profile was characterized by high achievement goals, the second one was composed by moderate goals, the third one was formed by low achievement goals, and the last one noted by having high levels of approach and mastery goals. Then a multivariate analysis revealed that the students of the first and the fourth profiles have high levels of task-involved motivational climate. The findings were discussed and it was suggested the promotion the mastery goals in PE classes joint to performance-approach goals for enhance adaptive motivational profiles (AU)

El autoconcepto físico y su relación con la práctica deportiva en estudiantes adolescentes / Relationship in adolescents between physical self-concept and participating in sport

En este trabajo se estudió la relación entre la práctica deportiva regular y el autoconcepto físico. Participaron 400 adolescentes españoles entre 12 y 17 años, a los que se les administró el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF) y el Cuestionario sobre Intensidad de la Motivación hacia el Deporte. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el análisis de las puntuaciones medias y de las varianzas para las distintas escalas del cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes que practicaban habitualmente algún deporte (al menos una vez por semana) tenían percepciones superiores de su autoconcepto, tanto general como físico, en comparación con quienes no eran practicantes habituales. Los practicantes presentaron puntuaciones más altas en todas las escalas del CAF. Además, también se encontró que la frecuencia con la que se practicaba el deporte, la duración de la práctica, los años de dedicación, la satisfacción y el gusto por la práctica deportiva se relacionaba positivamente con el autoconcepto físico y general. Estas relaciones positivas se manifestaron en todas las subescalas del CAF, aunque de manera más acentuada en las escalas de Habilidad Deportiva y Condición Física (AU)

This study analyses the relationship between regular participation in sport and physical self-concept. The Physical Self-Concept Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico – CAF) and the Intensity of Sport Motivation Questionnaire were administered to 400 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. The data were analysed through an analysis of the average scores and variances on the different scales of the questionnaire. The results show that the adolescents who participate in sport on a regular basis (at least once a week) had higher perceptions of their self-concept, both general and physical, compared with those who do not usually participate in sport. The adolescents who participate in sport on a regular basis scored higher on all the CAF scales. Moreover, frequency of participation, length of training sessions, years of play, satisfaction and pleasure in playing sport are positively related to general and physical self-concept. These positive relations occurred in all the CAF scales, although differences were more significant on the Sport Performance and Physical Condition scales (AU)

Autoconcepto físico según la actividad físicodeportiva realizada y la motivación hacia ésta / Physical Self-concept depending on the kind of physical activity practised and motivation to it

En este trabajo de investigación se examinan las diferencias en los distintos dominios del autoconcepto físico en función del tipo de práctica físicodeportiva y la motivación hacia ésta, incidiendo especialmente en el atractivo físico. En la investigación participaron 894 adolescentes españoles entre 12 y 17 años a los que se les administraron el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Físico (CAF) y el Cuestionario de Motivos de Práctica Deportiva. Los resultados permitieron comprobar cómo el autoconcepto físico fue significativamente menor, particularmente en las mujeres, en aquellas prácticas dónde es importante el factor estético o se practican con vistas a mejorar la apariencia física. Las practicantes de este tipo de actividades físicodeportivas presentaron un autoconcepto físico y general más devaluado, especialmente en la escala de atractivo físico. Además, para las mujeres, las motivaciones estéticas hacia la práctica se asociaron a peores percepciones físicas y de autoconcepto general. Todo ello hace vincular el autoconcepto físico, el tipo de práctica y los motivos hacia ella con la insatisfacción corporal en las mujeres adolescentes.

The aim of this study was to analyze differences among physical self-concept domains according to the kind of physical activity and the reasons that motivate it, giving special consideration of physical attractiveness as a self-concept domain. Two questionnaires (Physical Self-concept Questionnaire, CAF, and Motives of practicing sport Questionnaire) were administered to 894 teenagers aged 12-17. Results show physical self-concept is significantly lower, mainly in women, in those sports in which the aesthetic factor is relevant or is practiced in order to improve physical appearance. In these sports both general and physical self-concept were more devalued, especially in the attractive body scale. What is more, women participating in this study presented aesthetic motivations linked to worse physical perception and general self-concept. Subsequently, self-concept, the kind of practise and motivation are linked to teenage women body dissatisfaction.

Relaciones entre clima motivacional, la orientación de meta, la motivación intrínseca, la auto-confianza, la ansiedad y el estado de ánimo en jóvenes deportistas / Relationships among motivational climate, achievement goals, intrinsic motivation, self-confidence, anxiety, and mood in young sport players

Este estudio examinó las relaciones entre el clima motivacional, generado en las sesiones de entrenamiento, la orientación de meta, la motivación intrínseca, la auto-confianza, la ansiedad y el estado de ánimo en jóvenes deportistas antes y después de una competición. La muestra estuvo formada por 96 deportistas cadetes (48 mujeres y 48 varones), de catorce Clubes de Atletismo, con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 16 años. Los resultados mostraron que el clima de maestría fue asociado positivamente a la orientación a la tarea, la motivación intrínseca en las sesiones preparatorias, la auto-confianza y el estado de ánimo pre-competitivo. El clima de ejecución se asoció positivamente a la orientación al ego y a la ansiedad somática y cognitiva, y negativamente a la motivación intrínseca, la auto-confianza y el estado de ánimo pre y post-competitivo (AU)

This paper presents the results of a research aimed to discover the relationship between the motivational climate generated during the training sessions and the goal orientation, intrinsic motivation, self-confidence, anxiety level, mood states in young sport players before and after the competition. The sample consisted of 96 sport players (48 females and 48 males) belonging to fourteen athletics clubs. The age range was 14 to 16. Results show that the mastery climate is positively associated to goal orientation, to intrinsic motivation during the training sessions, to self-confidence and to the pre-competition mood state. Whereas the task climate was positively associated to ego-orientation and to somatic and cognitive anxiety. Task climate was negatively associated to intrinsic motivation, to self-confidence and to pre and post competition mood state (AU)