Sobrecarga y calidad de vida en cuidadoras de pacientes oncológicos al inicio de los cuidados paliativos. Estudio CUIDPALCOSTASOL / Burden and quality of life in caregivers of cancer patients at the beginning of palliative care. CUIDPALCOSTASOL Study

Objetivos: Describir la calidad de vida y sobrecarga de las cuidadoras familiares de pacientes oncológicos al inicio de los cuidados paliativos. Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal en la cohorte CUIDPACOSTASOL de cuidadoras familiares de pacientes con cáncer en fase paliativa incluidos entre febrero de 2017 y diciembre de 2019, de centros de salud del Distrito de Atención Primaria Costa del Sol y Málaga-Valle del Guadalhorce, y Fundación Cudeca. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos de cuidadoras y pacientes, y se aplicaron cuestionarios específicos para medir la sobrecarga y satisfacción familiar (Zarit y FAMCARE), calidad de vida (SF-36) y diagnósticos enfermeros (NANDA), así como las características del paciente (PPI, PPSv2). Resultados: Se incluyó a 174 personas cuidadoras familiares, de las cuales el 86,8% eran mujeres con una edad media de 57 años. El 60,6% percibía su salud como buena y la puntuación media en la escala de Zarit fue 13,0. El diagnóstico enfermero (NANDA) más repetido fue «Riesgo de cansancio del rol del cuidador» (41,8%). Las dimensiones de calidad de vida con mayor puntuación fueron «Función física» (80,5), y «Rol físico» (67,2). El 62,6% de las personas cuidadas eran hombres con una edad media de 73 años, y requerían cuidados con una media de 19 horas al día. La puntuación media en la Escala Funcional Paliativa PPSv2 fue de 44,9% y en el Índice de pronóstico paliativo PPI, 3,9%. Conclusiones: Las cuidadoras familiares de este estudio presentaban sobrecarga moderada, alto riesgo de cansancio del rol de cuidador, y aceptables salud percibida y calidad de vida. Es probable que esto se deba a que estaban en el inicio de los cuidados paliativos.(AU)

Objectives: To describe the quality of life and caregiver burden of family caregivers of cancer patients at the beginning of palliative care. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study in the CUIDPACOSTASOL cohort of family caregivers of palliative phase cancer patients, included between February 2017 and December 2019 from health centres of the Costa del Sol and Malaga-Valle del Guadalhorce Primary Care District, and Cudeca Foundation. Sociodemographic data on caregivers and patients, specific questionnaires related to family caregiver burden as well as satisfaction (Zarit and FAMCARE), quality of life (SF-36) and nursing diagnoses (NANDA), and patient characteristics (PPI, PPSv2) were collected. Results: 174 family caregivers were included, 86.8% were women with a mean age of 57 years. 60.6% perceived their health as good, and the mean score on the Zarit scale was 13.0. The most repeated nursing diagnosis (NANDA) was «Risk for caregiver role strain» (41.8%). The quality-of-life dimensions with the highest scores were «Physical function» (80.5), and «Physical role» (67.2). Of the people receiving care, 62.6% were men with a mean age of 73 years and required care for an average of 19 hours per day. The mean score on the Palliative Performance Scale, PPSv2, was 44.9%, and 3.9% on the PPI Palliative Prognostic Index. Conclusions: Family caregivers in this study had moderate burden, high risk for caregiver role strain, and acceptable perceived health and quality of life. This is probably because they were at the beginning of palliative care.(AU)

Burden and quality of life in caregivers of cancer patients at the beginning of palliative care. CUIDPALCOSTASOL Study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the quality of life and caregiver burden of family caregivers of cancer patients at the beginning of palliative care. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study in the CUIDPACOSTASOL cohort of family caregivers of palliative phase cancer patients, included between February 2017 and December 2019 from health centres of the Costa del Sol and Malaga-Valle del Guadalhorce Primary Care District, and Cudeca Foundation. Sociodemographic data on caregivers and patients, specific questionnaires related to family caregiver burden as well as satisfaction (Zarit and FAMCARE), quality of life (SF-36) and nursing diagnoses (NANDA), and patient characteristics (PPI, PPSv2) were collected. RESULTS: 174 family caregivers were included, 86.8% were women with a mean age of 57 years. 60.6% perceived their health as good, and the mean score on the Zarit scale was 13.0. The most repeated nursing diagnosis (NANDA) was «Risk for caregiver role strain¼ (41.8%). The quality-of-life dimensions with the highest scores were «Physical function¼ (80.5), and «Physical role¼ (67.2). Of the people receiving care, 62.6% were men with a mean age of 73 years and required care for an average of 19 h per day. The mean score on the Palliative Performance Scale, PPSv2, was 44.9%, and 3.9% on the PPI Palliative Prognostic Index. CONCLUSIONS: Family caregivers in this study had moderate burden, high risk for caregiver role strain, and acceptable perceived health and quality of life. This is probably because they were at the beginning of palliative care.

Burden and quality of life in caregivers of cancer patients at the beginning of palliative care. CUIDPALCOSTASOL Study. / Sobrecarga y calidad de vida en cuidadoras de pacientes oncológicos al inicio de los cuidados paliativos. Estudio CUIDPALCOSTASOL.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the quality of life and caregiver burden of family caregivers of cancer patients at the beginning of palliative care. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study in the CUIDPACOSTASOL cohort of family caregivers of palliative phase cancer patients, included between February 2017 and December 2019 from health centres of the Costa del Sol and Malaga-Valle del Guadalhorce Primary Care District, and Cudeca Foundation. Sociodemographic data on caregivers and patients, specific questionnaires related to family caregiver burden as well as satisfaction (Zarit and FAMCARE), quality of life (SF-36) and nursing diagnoses (NANDA), and patient characteristics (PPI, PPSv2) were collected. RESULTS: 174 family caregivers were included, 86.8% were women with a mean age of 57 years. 60.6% perceived their health as good, and the mean score on the Zarit scale was 13.0. The most repeated nursing diagnosis (NANDA) was «Risk for caregiver role strain¼ (41.8%). The quality-of-life dimensions with the highest scores were «Physical function¼ (80.5), and «Physical role¼ (67.2). Of the people receiving care, 62.6% were men with a mean age of 73 years and required care for an average of 19 hours per day. The mean score on the Palliative Performance Scale, PPSv2, was 44.9%, and 3.9% on the PPI Palliative Prognostic Index. CONCLUSIONS: Family caregivers in this study had moderate burden, high risk for caregiver role strain, and acceptable perceived health and quality of life. This is probably because they were at the beginning of palliative care.

Attitudinal beliefs concerning suicidal behavior among healthcare professionals in the Western Costa del Sol healthcare district (Spain).

Suicide continues to be the leading external cause of death in Spain, according to the latest report on deaths by cause of death published by the National Statistics Institute (INE, for its initials in Spanish) in December 20191. According to this report, there were 3,539 deaths by suicide recorded in 2018. Ten people voluntarily ending their lives each day. Málaga province recorded 134 deaths by suicide in 2018, being therefore one of the provinces with the highest incidence in the autonomous community of Andalucía and the eighth nationally.

Creencias actitudinales sobre laconducta suicida en profesionalessanitarios del área sanitaria de laCosta del Sol Occidental / Attitudinal beliefs about suicidal suicidal behavior in health professionals health professionals in the health area of the Western Costa del Sol

Introducción: El suicidio sigue siendo la primera causa demuerte externa en España como describe el último informede defunciones según la causa de muerte publicada por elInstituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) en diciembre de 20191.Según este informe los fallecimientos por suicidio registrados en el año 2018 se situaron en 3.539 fallecimientos. Diezpersonas se quitan la vida de forma voluntaria diariamente.La provincia de Málaga registró 134 muertes por suicidio enel mismo año, siendo por tanto una de las provincias conmayor incidencia en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucíay la octava a nivel nacional.Metodología. La muestra del estudio fueron de 135 profesionales. Se trata de un estudio transversal descriptivo deperiodo mediante encuesta, realizado entre los profesionales sanitarios de un Área Sanitaria de Málaga. Las creenciasactitudinales fueron valoradas a través del Cuestionariode Creencias Actitudinales sobre Comportamiento Suicida(CCCS-18) que incluye cuatro factores: legitimización delsuicidio, suicidio en enfermos terminarles, dimensión moraly propio suicidio, medidas con una escala de respuesta enpromedio de 1 a 7 puntos, identificando creencias estigmatizantes aquellas puntuaciones promedias inferiores a 3,5.Resultados. Un total de 135 profesionales completaronel cuestionario, siendo un 58,5 % enfermeras, 25,9 % facultativos y 15,6 % trabajadores sociosanitarios. La puntuaciónmedia de la escala CCCS-18 fue de 3,6 (DE: 1,17) puntos,hallándose diferencias significativas en función de la profesión (p: 0,043), con una media 3,22 (DE: 1,17) en facultativos,3,66 (DE: 1,02) en enfermeras y 3,99 (DE: 1,52) en trabajadores sociosanitarios. En análisis por factores, se hallaronpuntuaciones promedias en la muestra inferior a 3,5, tantoen factor “legitimación del suicidio” (media: 2,59; DE: 1,28),como en factor “propio suicidio” (media: 2,9; DE: 1,47).Conclusiones. (AU)

Introduction: Suicide continues to be the leading external cause of death in Spain, according to the latest report ondeaths by cause of death published by the National StatisticsInstitute (INE, for its initials in Spanish) in December 20191.According to this report, there were 3,539 deaths by suiciderecorded in 2018. Ten people voluntarily ending their liveseach day. Málaga province recorded 134 deaths by suicide in2018, being therefore one of the provinces with the highestincidence in the autonomous community of Andalucía andthe eighth nationally.Method. This descriptive, cross-sectional period-prevalencesurvey of health professionals was carried out in one MálagaHealthcare Area (Spain). The main outcome variable was attitudinal beliefs, which were evaluated using the Questionnaire onAttitudinal Beliefs towards Suicide Behavior (CCCS-18), whichincludes four factors: legitimization of suicide, suicide in terminating patients, moral dimension and suicide itself, measuredwith an average response scale of 1 to 7 points, identifying stigmatizing attitudes or beliefs those average scores lower than 3.5.Results. A total of 135 health professionals completedthe questionnaire, being 58.5% nurses, 25.9% doctors and15.6% social health workers. The mean score of the CCCS-18scale was 3.6 (SD: 1.17) points, finding significant differences depending on the profession (p: 0.043), with a mean 3.22(SD: 1.17) in physicians, 3.66 (SD: 1.02) in nurses, and 3.99(SD: 1.52) in social health workers. In analysis by factors,mean scores were found in the sample below 3.5 both in thefactor “legitimation of suicide” (mean: 2.59; SD: 1.28), andin the factor “own suicide” (mean: 2 , 9; SD: 1.47). (AU)

Tackling frailty at primary care: evaluation of the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention through a randomised controlled trial: study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: This project focuses on how frailty is addressed in primary healthcare (PHC) and will evaluate the effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention (considering the appropriateness of the pharmaceutical prescription, the nutritional care provided and the exercise intervention) for persons with frailty, in terms of improving their functional capacity and reducing the incidence of adverse events related to frailty. The final evaluation will be made at 12 months' follow-up. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Pragmatic multicentre cluster randomised controlled clinical trial, single blind with two arms: multifactorial intervention in PHC versus usual follow-up. The randomisation unit is the patient list and the analysis unit is the patient. In addition, a cost-effectiveness study and a qualitative study will be carried out, the latter based on semistructured interviews and focus groups. Two hundred persons (100 per study branch) all aged ≥70 years, presenting frailty, but functionally independent and resident in the community, will be recruited. A baseline evaluation will be carried out prior to the intervention, with follow-up at 6 and 12 months. The main study variables considered will be functional capacity and incidence of adverse events; the secondary variables considered will be the patients' sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional status, level of physical activity and drug consumption, together with data on comorbidity, cognitive and affective status and health-related quality of life. Data will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle using a 5% significance level. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study will at all times be conducted in strict accordance with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki and with the national legislation regulating patients' autonomy. All patients recruited will be asked to provide written informed consent before taking part in the clinical trial. On completion of the study, the principal investigator expects to publish the results of this research in a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN17143761.

Prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling elderly persons in Spain and factors associated with it.

Background: For effective prevention and intervention, and reduction of dependency, it is essential to determine the presence of frailty in the community.Objectives: To describe the prevalence of frailty among elderly persons living independently, in two primary healthcare areas in Spain; to identify factors correlated with its presence.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2015 and July 2016 among non-institutionalized individuals aged ≥70 years living in the primary healthcare areas of Gipuzkoa and Costa del Sol (Spain). The main outcome variable was the prevalence of frailty (determined by modified Fried criteria). The independent study variables were sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric data and health-related life habits.Results: The study population consisted of 855 individuals (53% women). The overall prevalence of frailty was 26.2% (Gipuzkoa 14.2%, Costa del Sol 38.0%). Using multiple logistic regression, the following factors were associated with frailty: female sex (OR: 1.98; 95%CI: 1.37-2.86); cumulative illness rating scale (OR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.00-1.10); self-perceived health status (OR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.95-0.97); self-perceived unhealthy lifestyle (OR: 3.37; 95%CI: 2.05-8.87); dissatisfaction with the domestic environment (OR: 2.11; 95%CI: 1.18-3.76); and cognitive impairment (OR: 4.10; 95%CI: 2.05-8.19). In the multivariable model, 'geographical area' differences persisted, with an OR of 3.51 (95%CI: 2.29-5.36) for the Costa del Sol area, using Gipuzkoa as reference.Conclusion: In this population of community-dwelling persons aged 70 years and over, the prevalence of frailty was 26%. Factors correlated with frailty were female sex, comorbidity, poorer self-perceived lifestyle and health status, and dissatisfaction with the domestic environment.

Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Adequacy among an Older Spanish Population with Metabolic Syndrome in the PREDIMED-Plus Study: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Dietary guidelines emphasize the importance of a varied diet to provide an adequate nutrient intake. However, an older age is often associated with consumption of monotonous diets that can be nutritionally inadequate, increasing the risk for the development or progression of diet-related chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS). To assess the association between dietary diversity (DD) and nutrient intake adequacy and to identify demographic variables associated with DD, we cross-sectionally analyzed baseline data from the PREDIMED-Plus trial: 6587 Spanish adults aged 55-75 years, with overweight/obesity who also had MetS. An energy-adjusted dietary diversity score (DDS) was calculated using a 143-item validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrient inadequacy was defined as an intake below 2/3 of the dietary reference intake (DRI) forat least four of 17 nutrients proposed by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between DDS and the risk of nutritionally inadequate intakes. In the higher DDS quartile there were more women and less current smokers. Compared with subjects in the highest DDS quartile, those in the lowest DDS quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake: odds ratio (OR) = 28.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 20.80-39.21). When we estimated food varietyfor each of the food groups, participants in the lowest quartile had a higher risk of inadequate nutrient intake for the groups of vegetables, OR = 14.03 (95% CI 10.55-18.65), fruits OR = 11.62 (95% CI 6.81-19.81), dairy products OR = 6.54 (95% CI 4.64-9.22) and protein foods OR = 6.60 (95% CI 1.96-22.24). As DDS decreased, the risk of inadequate nutrients intake rose. Given the impact of nutrient intake adequacy on the prevention of non-communicable diseases, health policies should focus on the promotion of a healthy varied diet, specifically promoting the intake of vegetables and fruit among population groups with lower DDS such as men, smokers or widow(er)s.

Psychometric properties of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator in older Spanish people.

BACKGROUND: The Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) is a 15-item scale. It diagnoses frailty in the elderly based on three domains: physical, psychological and social. A Spanish cross-cultural adaptation and its psychometric properties are presented here. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Independent, non-institutionalized ≥70 year-olds were recruited. The TFI structure was assessed with Kuder-Richardson (KR-20) and confirmatory factor analyses. Sperman´s correlations (rs) with Timed Up-and-Go, Self-assessed-health, Fried criteria, Short Physical Performance Battery, Gerontopole Frailty tool, assessed convergent validity. Known groups' validity and test-retest reliability were tested. RESULTS: Based on n = 856 participants, domain and total scale KR-20 were <0.70. The social domain and certain physical items did not fit adequately. Most physical and total scalers were 0.31-0.48. Social domain rs were <0.30. The TFI differentiated frail and no-frail subjects, but test-retest variation was considerable. DISCUSSION: TFI applicability at different social contexts and frailty stages are worth of additional study. Certain scale aspects should be reconsidered.

Validación del cuestionario de conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de voluntades vitales anticipadas / Validation of the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals in the Living Will Declaration process

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la validez y la fiabilidad del cuestionario de «Conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de voluntades vitales anticipadas» (VVA). DISEÑO: Estudio transversal en 3 fases: a) pilotaje con cuestionario administrado en papel para valorar pérdidas y problemas de ajuste del cuestionario; b) valoración de la validez y fiabilidad interna del cuestionario, y c) evaluación de la estabilidad (test-retest) del cuestionario filtrado de la fase previa. Emplazamiento: Área Sanitaria Costa del Sol (Málaga). Enero de 2014 a abril de 2015. PARTICIPANTES: Profesionales sanitarios del Distrito de Atención Primaria Costa del Sol y la Agencia Sanitaria Costa del Sol. Contestaron 391 (23,6%). Cien participaron en la evaluación de la estabilidad (83 respuestas). Mediciones principales: El cuestionario constaba de 2 bloques: a) Conocimientos (5 dimensiones y 41 ítems), y b) Actitudes (2 dimensiones y 17 ítems). RESULTADOS: En el estudio piloto, en ningún ítem las perdidas superaron el 10%. En la fase de evaluación de la validez y la fiabilidad, el cuestionario se redujo a 41 ítems (29 de conocimientos y 12 de actitudes). En la fase de evaluación de la estabilidad, todos los ítems evaluados, bien cumplieron criterio de kappa superior a 0,2, o tenían un porcentaje de acuerdo absoluto superior al 75%. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario permitirá identificar el estado y las áreas de mejora en el entorno sanitario, y posibilitar posteriormente una mejora de la cultura de las VVA en la población general

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the validity and reliability of the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals questionnaire on the Living Will Declaration (LWD) process. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study structured into 3 phases: (I) pilot questionnaire administered with paper to assess losses and adjustment problems; (II) assessment of the validity and internal reliability, and (III) assessment of the pre-filtering questionnaire stability (test-retest). LOCATION: Costa del Sol (Malaga) Health Area. January 2014 to April 2015. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare professionals of the Costa del Sol Primary Care District and the Costa del Sol Health Agency. There were 391 (23.6%) responses, and 100 participated in the stability assessment (83 responses). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts: (I) Knowledge (5 dimensions and 41 items), and (II) Attitudes (2 dimensions and 17 items). RESULTS: In the pilot study, none of the items lost over 10%. In the evaluation phase of validity and reliability, the questionnaire was reduced to 41 items (29 of knowledge, and 12 of attitudes). In the stability evaluation phase, all items evaluated met the requirement of a kappa higher than 0.2, or had a percentage of absolute agreement exceeding 75%. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire will identify the status and areas for improvement in the health care setting, and then will allow an improved culture of LWD process in general population

[Validation of the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals in the Living Will Declaration process]. / Validación del cuestionario de conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de voluntades vitales anticipadas.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the validity and reliability of the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals questionnaire on the Living Will Declaration (LWD) process. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study structured into 3 phases: (i)pilot questionnaire administered with paper to assess losses and adjustment problems; (ii)assessment of the validity and internal reliability, and (iii)assessment of the pre-filtering questionnaire stability (test-retest). LOCATION: Costa del Sol (Malaga) Health Area. January 2014 to April 2015. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare professionals of the Costa del Sol Primary Care District and the Costa del Sol Health Agency. There were 391 (23.6%) responses, and 100 participated in the stability assessment (83 responses). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts: (i)Knowledge (5 dimensions and 41 items), and (ii)Attitudes (2 dimensions and 17 items). RESULTS: In the pilot study, none of the items lost over 10%. In the evaluation phase of validity and reliability, the questionnaire was reduced to 41 items (29 of knowledge, and 12 of attitudes). In the stability evaluation phase, all items evaluated met the requirement of a kappa higher than 0.2, or had a percentage of absolute agreement exceeding 75%. CONCLUSIONS: The questionnaire will identify the status and areas for improvement in the health care setting, and then will allow an improved culture of LWD process in general population.

Validation and comparison of instruments to identify frail patientes in primary care settings: Study protocol.

BACKGROUND: In the last few years several indices and tools, aimed at identifying frail subjects in various care settings have been developed. However, to date none of them has been incorporated into usual practice in the primary care setting. The purposes of this study are: 1) to evaluate the predictive capacity of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), the Gérontopôle Frailty Screening Tool (GFST) and the KoS model together with two biomarker levels (SOX2 and p16INK4a) for adverse events related to frailty; 2) to determine differences in the use of healthcare services according to frailty. METHODS/DESIGN: Prospective multicentre cohort study with a 2-year follow-up. The study will be performed in primary care centres of Gipuzkoa and Costa del Sol, both located in Spain. Autonomous, non-institutionalized individuals aged 70 and over that agree to participate in this study will constitute the study population. A total of 900 individuals will be randomly selected from the healthcare administrative data bases of the participating health services. Data will be collected at baseline and at 1 and 2 years. The main independent variables assessed at baseline will be TFI outcomes, GFST and the KoS model, together with the expression of SOX2 and p16INK4a levels. During follow-up, loss of autonomy, the occurrence of death and consumption of healthcare resources will be assessed. DISCUSSION: The main focus of this work is the identification and evaluation of several instruments constructed under different rationales to identify frail subjects in primary care settings. The resulting outcomes have potential for direct application to the primary care practice. Early identification of the onset of functional impairment of elderly is an essential, still unresolved aspect in the prevention of dependence in the scope of primary care.

Conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de las voluntades vitales anticipadas / Knowledge and attitudes of health professionals to the living will declaration process

OBJETIVO: Identificar áreas de interés subyacentes en el proceso de Declaración de Voluntades Vitales Anticipadas (DVVA) y consensuar un cuestionario de conocimientos y actitudes dirigido a profesionales de la salud. DISEÑO: Estudio a través de técnica Delphi con método Rand. Dos fases: 1) propuestas de dimensiones: generación de ideas y posterior priorización de estas; 2) propuesta y priorización de ítems agrupados en bloques de conocimientos y actitudes. Desarrollado entre agosto de 2012 y enero de 2013. Emplazamiento: El trabajo se realizó por contacto inicial telefónico con panelistas y posteriormente vía correo electrónico. Los panelistas pertenecen al Sistema Sanitario Público Andaluz. PARTICIPANTES: Los criterios para la selección de los 8 componentes del panel fueron los conocimientos y la experiencia en el ámbito de la autonomía del paciente en Andalucía. RESULTADOS: Se identificó en Conocimientos: 1. °A) aspectos legales/generales; 2. °A) definición conceptual; 3. °A) documentación normalizada de las voluntades vitales anticipadas; 4. °A) experiencia práctica; 5. °A) procedimiento y registro de las DVVA. El segundo bloque fueron de Actitudes: 1. °B) actitudes del profesional en el momento de la aplicación del DVVA en la práctica clínica; 2. °B) actitudes del profesional ante escenarios éticos «complejos». Los 7 panelistas que finalmente participaron propusieron 165 ítems. Tras aplicar los criterios de priorización, puntuación y selección de escenarios, se identificaron 58 (35,2%) ítems como escenario adecuado. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario propuesto recoge amplias parcelas de conceptos y contenidos, y una vez validado ayudará a medir las intervenciones formativas realizadas en profesionales sanitarios para la mejora del conocimiento y las actitudes sobre el entorno de las DVVA

OBJECTIVE: To identify the underlying interests of the Living Will Declaration (LWD) process and to determine the consensus, using a questionnaire, of the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals. DESIGN: A study was performed in two phases using a Delphi technique with a Rand method.1. Dimensions proposed: generation of ideas and their subsequent prioritizing; 2. Proposal and prioritizing of items grouped into blocks of Knowledge and Attitudes, developed between August 2012 and January 2013. SETTING: The work was carried out by initial telephone contact with panellists, and then later by the panellists belonged to the Andalusia Public Health System. PARTICIPANTS: The criteria for selecting the eight components of the panel were knowledge and experience in the field of the freedom of the patient in Andalusia. RESULTS: The Knowledge identified included: 1 A) Legal and general aspects; 2 A) A conceptual definition; 3 A) Standardised LWD documents: 4 A) Practical experience; 5 A) Procedure and registering of the LWDs. The second block included Attitudes: 1 B) Attitudes of the professional in the application of LWDs in clinical practice, and 2 B) Attitudes of the professional in «complex» ethical scenarios The 7 panellists who finally took part proposed 165 items. After applying the prioritizing criteria, scores, and scenario selection, 58 (35.2%) items were identified as suitable scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed questionnaire included wide parcels of concepts and contents that, once validated, will help to measure the training interventions carried out on health professionals in order to improve knowledge and attitudes on the subject of LWDs

Topical olive oil is not inferior to hyperoxygenated fatty aids to prevent pressure ulcers in high-risk immobilised patients in home care. Results of a multicentre randomised triple-blind controlled non-inferiority trial.

UNLABELLED: Pressure ulcers represent a major current health problem and produce an important economic impact on the healthcare system. Most of studies to prevent pressure ulcers have been carried out in hospital contexts, with respect to the use of hyperoxygenated fatty acids and to date, no studies have specifically examined the use of olive oil-based substances. METHODS AND DESIGN: Main objective: To assess the effectiveness of the use of olive oil, comparing it with hyperoxygenated fatty acids, for immobilised home-care patients at risk of suffering pressure ulcers. Design: Non-inferiority, triple-blind, parallel, multicentre, randomised clinical trial. Scope: Population attending Primary Healthcare Centres in Andalusia (Spain). Sample: 831 immobilised patients at risk of suffering pressure ulcers. RESULTS: The follow-up period was 16 weeks. Groups were similar after randomization. In the per protocol analysis, none of the body areas evaluated presented risk differences for pressure ulcers incidence that exceeded the 10% delta value established. Sacrum: Olive Oil 8 (2.55%) vs HOFA 8 (3.08%), ARR 0.53 (-2.2 to 3.26) Right heel: Olive Oil 4 (1.27%) vs HOFA 5 (1.92)%, ARR0.65 (-1.43 to 2.73). Left heel: Olive Oil 3 (0.96%) vs HOFA 3 (1.15%), ARR0.2 (-1.49 to 1.88). Right trochanter: Olive Oil 0 (0%) vs HOFA 4 (1.54%), ARR1.54 (0.04 to 3.03). Left trochanter: Olive Oil 1 (0.32%) vs HOFA 1 (0.38%), ARR0.07 (-0.91 to 1.04). In the intention to treat analysis the lower limit of the established confidence interval was never exceeded. DISCUSSION: The results obtained confirmed that the use of topical extra-virgin olive oil to prevent PU in the home environment, for immobilised patients at high risk, is not inferior to the use of HOFA. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism by which olive oil achieves this outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01595347.

[Knowledge and attitudes of health professionals to the living will declaration process]. / Conocimientos y actitudes de los profesionales sanitarios en el proceso de declaración de las voluntades vitales anticipadas.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the underlying interests of the Living Will Declaration (LWD) process and to determine the consensus, using a questionnaire, of the knowledge and attitudes of health professionals. DESIGN: A study was performed in two phases using a Delphi technique with a Rand method. 1. Dimensions proposed: generation of ideas and their subsequent prioritizing; 2. Proposal and prioritizing of items grouped into blocks of Knowledge and Attitudes, developed between August 2012 and January 2013. SETTING: The work was carried out by initial telephone contact with panellists, and then later by the panellists belonged to the Andalusia Public Health System. PARTICIPANTS: The criteria for selecting the eight components of the panel were knowledge and experience in the field of the freedom of the patient in Andalusia. RESULTS: The Knowledge identified included: 1 A) Legal and general aspects; 2 A) A conceptual definition; 3 A) Standardised LWD documents: 4 A) Practical experience; 5 A) Procedure and registering of the LWDs. The second block included Attitudes: 1 B) Attitudes of the professional in the application of LWDs in clinical practice, and 2 B) Attitudes of the professional in «complex¼ ethical scenarios The 7 panellists who finally took part proposed 165 items. After applying the prioritizing criteria, scores, and scenario selection, 58 (35.2%) items were identified as suitable scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed questionnaire included wide parcels of concepts and contents that, once validated, will help to measure the training interventions carried out on health professionals in order to improve knowledge and attitudes on the subject of LWDs.

Effect of the Act on Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for dependent persons on their family caregivers.

BACKGROUND: The need of home care services is becoming an increasingly common scenario. These cares are mainly provided by the dependents' relatives specifically, by the women part of the family. This situation might take years, decreasing the physical and psychological health of the caregiver. In Spain, the Act of Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for dependent persons, guarantees those dependent persons and their caregivers to have access to social services or to financial grants. The aim of this study is to Know the possible effects of the benefits provided by this Act in regards to the mental health, the quality of life and use of health services by the family caregivers assisting their relatives in situation of dependency. METHODS AND DESIGN: A longitudinal descriptive study following-up a cohort of patients and caregivers. The study shall be carried out in Andalusia. It shall include the baseline assessment of the variables in those caregivers free from the exposure factor (reception of assistance pursuant to the Act). Following, once the benefits have been received, this cohort shall be followed-up.The study shall take three years, and the starting date for its development as well as its funding is January 2011. DISCUSSION: The longitudinal assessment of the rate of change of the variables studied shall allow us to know the implications which might be potentially generated as well as the natural evolution of those.

[Design and validation of a home care satisfaction questionnaire: SATISFAD]. / Diseño y validación de instrumento de evaluación de la satisfacción con los servicios de atención domiciliaria: SATISFAD.

OBJECTIVES: To design and validate an instrument to assess satisfaction with home care services, in both self-administered and telephone versions. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional observational study of the population using home care services in the health districts of Malaga, Costa del Sol, Almeria and Granada (Spain). A questionnaire was designed by an expert panel using a Deplhi technique. Reliability between the self-administered and telephone versions was analyzed. Finally, internal consistency and construct validity were assessed. RESULTS: Reliability between the self-administered and telephone versions was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.876; 95% CI, 0.726-0.941; p = 0.0001). Internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's alpha: 0.853 and 0.799 for both versions, with or without caregiver, respectively). The factorial analysis explained 66.80% and 67.81% of the observed variance for the two versions (with or without caregiver, respectively). Two factors were isolated and related to interpersonal relationships, the role of the carer, and decision making. CONCLUSION: Assessment of satisfaction with home care can be performed with the dimensions routinely used in satisfaction studies, but these should be evaluated with instruments designed ad hoc. Accessibility, communication and interpersonal relationships have a high explanatory value in satisfaction among this population.

Diseño y validación de instrumento de evaluación de la satisfacción con los servicios de atención domiciliaria: SATISFAD / Design and validation of a home care satisfaction questionnaire: SATISFAD

Objetivos: Construir y validar un instrumento que evalúe la satisfacción con los servicios de atención domiciliaria en versión autoadministrada y telefónica. Método: Estudio observacional transversal en población con atención domiciliaria de los distritos sanitarios de Málaga, Costa del Sol, Almería y Granada. Se diseñó un cuestionario por parte de expertos en la técnica Delphi. Posteriormente, se evaluó la fiabilidad entre las versiones telefónica y autoadministrada y, por último, se comprobó su validez de constructo y la consistencia interna. Resultados: La fiabilidad entre las versiones telefónica y autoadministrada fue alta (coeficiente de correlación intraclase = 0,876; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 0,726-0,941; p = 0,0001). La consistencia interna también fue adecuada (alfa de Cronbach de 0,853 y 0,799 para las distintas versiones, con o sin cuidadora, respectivamente). El análisis factorial explicaba un 66,80 y un 67,81% de la varianza observada para las distintas versiones (con o sin cuidadora). Se aislaron 2 factores que tenían que ver con la relación interpersonal, el rol de la cuidadora y la toma de decisiones. Conclusiones: La evaluación de la satisfacción con los servicios de atención domiciliaria puede realizarse con dimensiones habitualmente utilizadas en los estudios de satisfacción, aunque han de ser evaluadas mediante instrumentos diseñados al efecto. La accesibilidad, la comunicación y las relaciones interpersonales adquieren un alto valor explicativo en la satisfacción de este tipo de población

Objectives: To design and validate an instrument to assess satisfaction with home care services, in both self-administered and telephone versions. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional observational study of the population using home care services in the health districts of Malaga, Costa del Sol, Almeria and Granada (Spain). A questionnaire was designed by an expert panel using a Deplhi technique. Reliability between the self-administered and telephone versions was analyzed. Finally, internal consistency and construct validity were assessed. Results: Reliability between the self-administered and telephone versions was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.876; 95% CI, 0.726-0.941; p = 0.0001). Internal consistency was adequate (Cronbach's alpha: 0.853 and 0.799 for both versions, with or without caregiver, respectively). The factorial analysis explained 66.80% and 67.81% of the observed variance for the two versions (with or without caregiver, respectively). Two factors were isolated and related to interpersonal relationships, the role of the carer, and decision making. Conclusion: Assessment of satisfaction with home care can be performed with the dimensions routinely used in satisfaction studies, but these should be evaluated with instruments designed ad hoc. Accessibility, communication and interpersonal relationships have a high explanatory value in satisfaction among this population