Prognostic value of interleukin-6, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tissue factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels in congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Congestive heart failure (CHF) carries a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate, frequent hospitalizations and increased risk of thrombotic complications such as stroke. Cytokines may contribute to the progression and prothrombotic state of CHF, including the pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), both of which are raised in CHF. The procoagulant properties of both cytokines may be mediated via tissue factor (TF), a potent clotting activator. We hypothesized that plasma levels of these markers, as well as levels of plasma viscosity, fibrinogen, soluble P-selectin and von Willebrand factor (markers of abnormal rheology, clotting, platelet activation, and endothelial damage, respectively) will be useful in predicting morbidity and mortality in chronic stable CHF. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and twenty consecutive out-patients with chronic stable CHF (92 males; mean [SD] age 64 [11] years, mean [SD] left ventricular ejection fraction of 29 [6]%) were recruited and followed for 2 years during which 42 patients reached a clinical end-point of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalizations, including stroke and myocardial infarction. Plasma IL-6 (P=0.003) and TF (P=0.013) levels, but not other research indices, were higher in those who suffered events compared with those without events. Predictors of end-points were high (> or =median) TF (P=0.011), and IL-6 (P=0.023) levels, as well as the lowest quartile of a left ventricular ejection fraction (P=0.007). A strong correlation was present between TF and IL-6 levels (r=0.59; P<0.0001) and with VEGF levels (r=0.43; P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: IL-6 and TF are predictors of poor prognosis in chronic CHF, raising the hypothesis that IL-6 may contribute to the progression and thrombotic complications of CHF via its actions on TF expression. Although VEGF did not independently predict outcome in chronic CHF, the possibility arises that it may act with IL-6 to induce TF expression.

Performance of adults with developmental handicaps on alternate forms of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.

A total of 154 adults with developmental handicaps involved in a comprehensive community-based habilitation program were tested on alternate forms of the PPVT and PPVT--Revised to determine interest reliabilities. A comparison of response profiles indicated that there was a significant degree of correspondence in general performance using alternate forms (p less than .0001). This correspondence was maintained regardless of whether overall raw score or mental age equivalents were used. However, a comparison of performance on individual test items that were identical on alternate forms showed less consistent results. Particular aspects of the administration and structure of the PPVT/PPVT-R and response characteristics of individuals with developmental handicaps are suggested as being important factors in test administration and interpretation with this population.