The methodological challenges faced when conducting hydration research in UK care homes.

BACKGROUND: The evidence base for hydration practice in care homes is underdeveloped. High-quality research is therefore needed to determine what practices support older people with dementia in drinking sufficient fluid. However, methodological developments are needed to be able to do this. AIM: To highlight the methodological issues researchers encountered during a feasibility cluster, randomised controlled trial of ThinkDrink, a hydration care guide for people with dementia living in UK care homes. DISCUSSION: This is a challenging area because of the complexity of recruitment, participation and data collection in care homes. Researchers must pay extra attention to rigour and quality in the design of their studies. There may be multiple challenges, so various strategies may be required. CONCLUSION: It is important that researchers continue to reflect on rigorous approaches to develop evidence in a crucial area of care, despite these challenges. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Researchers working in complex environments face a variety of challenges to complete methodologically rigorous research. It is important for researchers to be critical of research processes and data, to mitigate and overcome these challenges.

Technology in aged care: a qualitative survey of academic, research, and technology industry professionals.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The study's aim was two-fold: (1) to explore the experiences and perceptions of industry, academic, and research professionals concerning technologies used within aged care; and (2) to identify needs-led priorities for the future development and application of technologies within aged care. BACKGROUND: Global population ageing requires a recalibration of aged care policies, systems, and services to promote and support healthy ageing. It is expected that technology will play an important role in this regard. This study qualitatively assessed the landscape of technology use in aged care from the perspective of industry, academic, and research professionals. DESIGN: A purposefully designed cross-sectional survey collecting experiences, perspectives, and barriers about technology through open responses. METHODS: Using convenience sampling, thirty-five participants completed an online survey between April and October 2020. A descriptive qualitative content analysis approach was used to analyse the written responses. Reporting of findings followed the EQUATOR's Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. RESULTS: Four themes were identified that characterised the use of technologies within aged care: (1) User Perceptions and Attitudes: wariness and reluctance to technology; (2) Systemic Issues within Aged Care: Under-resourced with opportunities for innovation; (3) Technology-Related Barriers: Equity, costs, privacy, integration, and interoperability and (4) Research Priorities: Co-design and integration of technology. CONCLUSIONS: The existing technology does not meet the needs of older people, aged care personnel and the system in general, which prevents its successful implementation and uptake.

A study to introduce National Early Warning Scores (NEWS) in care homes: Influence on decision-making and referral processes.

AIM: Early warning scores are commonly used in hospital settings, but little is known about their use in care homes. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of National Early Warning Scores alongside other measures in this setting. DESIGN: Convergent parallel design. METHODS: Quantitative data from 276 care home residents from four care homes were used to analyse the relationship between National Early Warning Scores score, resident outcome and functional daily living (Barthel ADL (Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living)) and Rockwood (frailty). Interviews with care home staff (N = 13) and care practitioners (N = 4) were used to provide qualitative data. RESULTS: A statistically significant link between National Early Warning Scores (p = .000) and Barthel ADL (p = .013) score and hospital admissions was found, while links with Rockwood were insignificant (p = .551). Care home staff reported many benefits of National Early Warning Scores, including improved communication, improved decision-making and role empowerment. Although useful, due to the complexity of the resident population's existing health conditions, National Early Warning Scores alone could not act as a diagnostic tool.

Hydration Interventions for older people living in residential and nursing care homes: overview of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Care home populations experiencing high levels of multi-morbidity and dementia require support from caregivers to meet their hydration requirements. This article provides an overview of literature related to hydration interventions and highlights gaps in knowledge. SOURCES OF DATA: This paper draws on UK-focused literature from Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), CINAHL, Medline, Proquest Hospital Premium Collection, Cochrane Library and RCN databases on hydration interventions for older people living with multi-morbidity and dementia in care homes. AREAS OF AGREEMENT: Fluid intake is too low in care home residents, and no single hydration intervention is effective in addressing the complex problems that older residents present. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY: There is a lack of consensus about how much fluid an older person should consume daily for optimum health. There is also lack of agreement about what interventions are effective in supporting individuals with complex physical and cognitive problems to achieve daily fluid intake targets. GROWING POINTS: To improve hydration care for residents, care home teams should be competent in the delivery of hydration care, and work closely with integrated multi-professional healthcare specialists to provide proactive case management. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH: There is a need for understanding of what hydration practices and processes are effective for care home residents and including these in multi-component interventions.

Housing options for the future: Older people's preferences and views on villages with care and support.

A growing older population worldwide means there is a need to ensure there are sufficient housing options to meet a broad spectrum of need and aspiration. There is little understanding of the relative importance of the "pull factors" that might attract older people to relocate to a new environment. Older people's views of the relative level of attractiveness of potential features of a specialist housing development offering care and support were investigated using Q methodology. Forty-one participants aged 53-89 living in a locality in Northern England rank-ordered 70 statements from April to August 2016. The analysis revealed four viewpoints: adaptation and care seekers, comprising prioritisation of care provision, specialist accommodation and accessibility; care-indifferent luxurians, which encompasses attraction to some "luxury" features and less emphasis on care provision; connected separatists, emphasising a distinct environment with good public transport connections; and independent engagers, comprising attraction towards social opportunities and remaining independent. Broad agreement was found on some topics, such as the generally high prioritisation of safety and security. The research provides a deeper understanding of differences in views towards housing options among older people which developers, planners and funders will need to recognise. While providing high-quality care may be a key objective for some organisations, this may not be the most important concern for some older people contemplating relocation, with many other features considered more attractive.

Hydration practices in residential and nursing care homes for older people.

AIM: To scope and explore hydration practices in care homes. BACKGROUND: Older residents do not regularly consume adequate fluids to support health. Achieving this is difficult with residents who have coexisting health, sensory and functional problems, as well as challenging hydration habits. DESIGN: This project used a sequential exploratory mixed method design to scope and explore existing hydration practices. METHODS: Data were collected via two stages. First was a survey of hydration practices. Twenty-nine responses were received from 81 care homes (response rate: 35.8%). Second was the exploration of practitioners' experiences and perceptions of hydration practice via semi-structured interviews (54 staff: 43 interviews). Descriptive statistics summarised the survey findings. Open coding and thematic analysis were applied to the qualitative data, and details of the methods are reported in adherence to COREQ criteria. RESULTS: It is important to provide hydration support in addition to regularly offering drinks to residents. Hydration practices include the following: use of social interaction to encourage drinking; verbal and nonverbal prompts to drink; giving fluids with routine practices and social activities; providing drinks-related activity, use of aids and equipment to support drinking; and creating a drink-friendly environment. Practices are implemented in care homes; however, no one care home implements all these hydration strategies at any one time. CONCLUSIONS: Older care home residents need support and encouragement to drink adequate fluids which can be difficult to achieve with residents who have complex needs and challenging drinking habits. In addition to the routine offer of drinks, hydration support should be used to facilitate residents to drink sufficient amounts of fluid. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Staff working in care homes have an important role in assessing the hydration needs of residents and using multiple hydration practices to support residents to achieve their hydration requirements.

"I'm not sure I'm a nurse": A hermeneutic phenomenological study of nursing home nurses' work identity.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore nursing home nurses' experiences and views of work identity. BACKGROUND: Nursing home nurses are in a unique position as they work at the interface of health and social care. Little is known about nursing home nurses' perceptions and experiences of working within this context. Evidence suggests that using the concept of work identity can support understanding of how workers make sense of their work. DESIGN: Hermeneutic phenomenological study. METHODS: The study was carried out in seven nursing homes in North East England. Findings are based upon literary analysis of multiple episodic interviews with 13 nursing home nurses. RESULTS: Participants' responses suggested that nursing "residents" is different to nursing "patients," and nursing home nurses are required to modify their care activities to account for these differences. Participants also proposed that they are isolated and excluded from the rest of the healthcare workforce group. These issues led participants to feel uncertain about work identity. Many participants attempted to strengthen their work identity by aligning their role with what they perceived the "nurse identity" to be. CONCLUSION: Nurses' work activities and professional group identity influence their work identity. When work activities and professional group identity do not align with role expectations, as can be the case for nursing home nurses, work identity may be compromised. These nurses may attempt to change work practices to strengthen their work identity. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Health- and social care providers need to account for work identity factors in the organisation of care, and planning and implementation of integrated health- and social care initiatives.

Facework and trust in facilitating health-focused housing interventions.

The link between housing and health is of increasing importance in the UK policy and practice context, in which poor housing is often accepted as a social determinant of poor health. Service users' experiences of, and outcomes from, a British information, advice, support and guidance service focused on the relationship between housing problems and health issues were explored. This service facilitates home improvements for privately housed residents with housing issues exacerbating or causing health problems. In-depth interviews with occupants of 15 households which received the service were completed. The findings highlighted three key themes: the need for participants' person-home fit to reflect and adapt to any degeneration in health conditions; the facilitation of knowledge and access to housing and other support available to them; and perceived positive health and wellbeing outcomes from the receipt of personalised advice and support. The delivery of these outcomes by a named officer of the service team, and the relationship this developed with the service user, are considered within the context of facework, whereby they became a trusted source of guidance in navigating a complex system of assistance. These findings add to the growing knowledge base on housing and health, and also highlight the critical importance of a facework approach in allowing service users to navigate complex systems in order to achieve beneficial outcomes.

Integrated Working for Enhanced Health Care in English Nursing Homes.

BACKGROUND: The increasingly complex nature of care home residents' health status means that this population requires significant multidisciplinary team input from health services. To address this, a multisector and multiprofessional enhanced healthcare programme was implemented in nursing homes across Gateshead Council in Northern England. STUDY AIMS: To explore the views and experiences of practitioners, social care officers, and carers involved in the enhanced health care in care home programme, in order to develop understanding of the service delivery model and associated workforce needs for the provision of health care to older residents. METHODS: A qualitative constructivist methodology was adopted. The study had two stages. Stage 1 explored the experiences of the programme enhanced healthcare workforce through group, dyad, and individual interviews with 45 participants. Stage 2 involved two workshops with 28 participants to develop Stage 1 findings (data were collected during February-March 2016). Thematic and content analysis were applied. FINDINGS: The enhanced healthcare programme provides a whole system approach to the delivery of proactive and responsive care for nursing home residents. The service model enables information exchange across organizational and professional boundaries that support effective decision making and problem solving. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding of the processes and outcomes of a model of integrated health care between public and independent sector care home services for older people.

Older people's views and experiences of engagement in standardised patient simulation.

Background: The last two decades have witnessed initiatives aimed at improving the care of older people, including educating nurses so that they are equipped with the skills to care for older people with frailty and complex multimorbidities. It has been suggested that involvement of older service users in nurse education can facilitate the development of nurses' caring skills by promoting understanding of the reality of older people's situations. One method of involving older service users is standardised patient simulation (SPS). While some recent studies have acknowledged the importance of considering standardised patients' experiences and perceptions of simulation, to date few have focused specifically on the experiences of older people. Methods: In this qualitative study, data were collected via focus groups, whereby older people were invited to discuss their views and experiences of involvement in SPS. Data were analysed using open coding. Findings: Four themes emerged from the data, demonstrating that involving older people in SPS may be beneficial for their well-being. The four themes were: 'using personal experiences to improve care', 'having a sense of purpose', 'preparation and support for SPS' and 'feeling appreciated'. Discussion: While most participants reported that they enjoyed the SPS activities, engagement appeared to have had a much deeper significance for them. Many participants' responses suggested that involvement assisted them to 'make sense' of their experiences of illness and healthcare, and also gave a sense of purpose, of belonging and of being valued. Conclusion: Findings support the need for nurse educators to consider developing SPS programmes that involve older people.

Older UK sheltered housing tenants' perceptions of well-being and their usage of hospital services.

The aim of this study was to examine sheltered housing tenants' views of health and well-being, the strategies they adopted to support their well-being, and their use of health and social care services through a Health Needs Assessment. Sheltered housing in the UK is a form of service-integrated housing for people, predominantly over 60. The study used a parallel, three-strand mixed method approach to encompass the tenants' perceptions of health and well-being (n = 96 participants), analysis of the service's health and well-being database, and analysis of emergency and elective hospital admissions (n = 978 tenant data sets for the period January to December 2012). Tenants' perceptions of well-being were seen to reinforce much of the previous work on the subject with strategies required to sustain social, community, physical, economic, environmental, leisure, emotional and spiritual dimensions. Of the tenants' self-reported chronic conditions, arthritis, heart conditions and breathing problems were identified as their most common health concerns. Hospital admission data indicated that 43% of the tenant population was admitted to hospital (886 admissions) with 53% emergency and 47% elective admissions. The potential cost of emergency as opposed to elective admissions was substantial. The mean length of stay for emergency admissions was 8.2 days (median 3.0 days). While elective hospital admission had a mean length of stay of 1.0 day (median 0.0 days). These results suggest the need for multi-professional health, social care and housing services interventions to facilitate sheltered housing tenants' aspirations and support their strategies to live well and independently in their own homes. Equally there is a need to increase tenants' awareness of health conditions and their management, the importance of services which offer facilitation, resources and support, and the key role played by prevention and reablement.

Support networks for Chinese older immigrants accessing English health and social care services: the concept of Bridge People.

As Chinese immigrants in the United Kingdom age, they experience an increasing need to access health and care services. It has, however, been reported that older Chinese immigrants have difficulties in accessing these services. This study explored the experiences of this population in using health and care services and the strategies that they adopted to address their difficulties. A grounded theory method with a two-staged research design was used. Stage 1 explored the participants' experiences of ageing and use of health and social care services through focus group interviews. Stage 2 investigated the strategies individuals used to support access to and use of services through individual interviews. Forty-four older Chinese people and 15 supporters participated in interviews during August 2011 and May 2013. These older Chinese immigrants were challenged in knowing about and in accessing services. Their difficulties were attributed to language barriers, lack of information and instrumental support, and emotional and cultural issues regarding use of health and care services. Their supporters facilitated access to services and acted as a bridge between the service and the user; therefore, they were given the title 'Bridge People'. Bridge People have different backgrounds: family and friends, public sector workers and staff from community-based Chinese organisations. The defining attributes of these supporters were: bilinguality, bicultural, multifunctionality and accessibility. There is no charge for this support; and the relationship between the Bridge Person and recipient involves trust and influence over decisions regarding use of health and care services. Bridge People should be recognised and identified by health, social care and housing services to promote engagement and use of services by older immigrant Chinese people.

'I feel like a salesperson': the effect of multiple-source care funding on the experiences and views of nursing home nurses in England.

The difficulties faced in the recruitment and retention of nursing staff in nursing homes for older people are an international challenge. It is therefore essential that the causes of nurses' reluctance to work in these settings are determined. This paper considers the influence that multiple-source care funding issues have on nursing home nurses' experiences and views regarding the practice and appeal of the role. The methodology for this study was hermeneutic phenomenology. Thirteen nurses from seven nursing homes in the North East of England were interviewed in a sequence of up to five interviews and data were analysed using a literary analysis method. Findings indicate that participants are uncomfortable with the business aspects that funding issues bring to their role. The primary difficulties faced are: tensions between care issues and funding issues; challenges associated with 'selling beds'; and coping with self-funding residents' changing expectations of care. The findings of the study suggest that multiple-source care funding systems that operate in nursing homes for older people pose challenges to nursing home nurses. Some of these challenges may impact on their recruitment and retention.

Exploring the effect of companion robots on emotional expression in older adults with dementia: a pilot randomized controlled trial.

This pilot study aimed to compare the effect of companion robots (PARO) to participation in an interactive reading group on emotions in people living with moderate to severe dementia in a residential care setting. A randomized crossover design, with PARO and reading control groups, was used. Eighteen residents with mid- to late-stage dementia from one aged care facility in Queensland, Australia, were recruited. Participants were assessed three times using the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease, Rating Anxiety in Dementia, Apathy Evaluation, Geriatric Depression, and Revised Algase Wandering Scales. PARO had a moderate to large positive influence on participants' quality of life compared to the reading group. The PARO intervention group had higher pleasure scores when compared to the reading group. Findings suggest PARO may be useful as a treatment option for people with dementia; however, the need for a larger trial was identified.

A framework to support social interaction in care homes.

Engaging in meaningful social interaction is central to quality of life and this does not diminish following the move to a care home. However, social interaction in this setting can be difficult and is not always well supported by the environment or by staff. The aim of the action learning project discussed in this article was to explore the strategies that could be adopted by staff in their daily practice to support positive social interaction in care homes. The outcome was a framework to develop practice in care homes.

Care home residents' experiences of social relationships with staff.

This article presents findings from a cross-study analysis of social engagement between older people and staff in care homes. The studies found that staff and the culture of the care home were influential in determining the quality and type of relationship between residents and staff. Although a number of factors limited the quality of social interactions between these groups, practices existed that overcame barriers to the development of positive social relationships.

Older persons' experiences of whole systems: the impact of health and social care organizational structures.

AIMS: An in-depth case study of whole systems working. BACKGROUND: This paper reports on the second part of a two-part study exploring whole systems working. Part 1 of the study focused on an in-depth review of the literature pertaining to continuity of care and service integration. The second part, reported here, focused on an in-depth case study of one whole system. Evaluation Informed by the findings of part 1 of the study, data collection methods included in-depth interviews, real-time tracking of 18 older people, focus groups and consensus conferencing. Different data sets were analysed individually and synthesized using matrices derived from the literature review findings. KEY ISSUE: Key themes from data synthesis include: (1) access to the most appropriate services; (2) service fragmentation; (3) continuity of care; and (4) routinized care. CONCLUSIONS: The four themes of the case study reflect the need to address issues of demarcation of professional responsibilities, complicated channels of communication, information flows, assessment and reassessment in whole systems working. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The impact of disempowering relationships on actual continuity of care and perceptions of quality among service users and providers. Lessons need to be learnt from specialist services and applied to service delivery in general.

Older people actively reconstruct their life in a care home.

The research reported here aimed to present the stories of care home residents through an interpretative study that was informed by a biographical approach and narrative method. Eight older people who lived in four different care homes in England participated in a sequence of up to eight narrative interviews over a six month period. The findings revealed how the older people tried to live as active biographical agents who were instrumental in shaping their own life in a care home. They were able to do this to a greater or lesser extent through the implementation of a range of resident-led strategies. The understanding of care home life that was developed through this study offers an alternative biography for living in care homes that is not only possible but achievable. This is a biography of frail older people who are active in reconstructing their life following the move to a care home, and living lives that are meaningful, purposeful and enjoyable. This sits in contrast to the standard biography that dominates current understanding of care home life that of older people merely 'existing' for the most part of their days. This image provides a vision for long-term care for older people, which is grounded in the views and aspirations of older people.

Integrated care for older people: methodological issues in conducting a systematic literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Systematic reviews are a useful approach for nurses to take in exploring issues important to their practice, and in this article the process of conducting a systematic literature review on integrated care for older people is described. The review was conducted as one strand of a research project aiming to inform the development of locality-based integrated care for older people in Northern Ireland, a development driven by observations of user needs. METHODOLOGY: Systematic literature review methodology is summarized and critiqued. The process of undertaking the review in this study is described with a focus on the first stage of identifying literature, and the challenges that this presents in a review which draws on multiple bodies of work. RESULTS: Producing a systematic literature review in integrated care is a complex undertaking, comprising a variety of different sectors, organizations, care settings, professionals, and other users, with their own bodies of knowledge; the need for an inclusive approach; the need to search a wide range of databases; nonspecific terminology; and the inappropriateness of study design hierarchies as selection criteria. CONCLUSIONS: While such a literature review might provide a basis for research and practice, the ability of the review team to call upon a wide range of skills, experience, and knowledge across the information management field and the care system is crucial.