Do hospital pressures change following rotavirus vaccine introduction? A retrospective database analysis in a large paediatric hospital in the UK.

OBJECTIVE: Hospitals in the UK are under increasing clinical and financial pressures. Following introduction of childhood rotavirus vaccination in the UK in 2013, rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) hospitalisations reduced significantly. We evaluated changes in 'hospital pressures' (demand on healthcare resources and staff) following rotavirus vaccine introduction in a paediatric setting in the UK. DESIGN: Retrospective hospital database analysis between July 2007 and June 2015. SETTING: A large paediatric hospital providing primary, secondary and tertiary care in Merseyside, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Hospital admissions aged <15 years. Outcomes were calculated for four different patient groups identified through diagnosis coding (International Classification of Disease, 10th edition) and/or laboratory confirmation: all admissions; any infection, acute gastroenteritis and RVGE. METHODS: Hospital pressures were compared before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction: these included bed occupancy, hospital-acquired infection rate, unplanned readmission rate and outlier rate (medical patients admitted to surgical wards due to lack of medical beds). Interrupted time-series analysis was used to evaluate changes in bed occupancy. RESULTS: There were 116 871 admissions during the study period. Lower bed occupancy in the rotavirus season in the postvaccination period was observed for RVGE (-89%, 95% CI 73% to 95%), acute gastroenteritis (-63%, 95% CI 39% to 78%) and any infection (-23%, 95% CI 15% to 31%). No significant overall reduction in bed occupancy was observed (-4%, 95% CI -1% to 9%). No changes were observed for the other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Rotavirus vaccine introduction was not associated with reduced hospital pressures. A reduction in RVGE hospitalisation without change in overall bed occupancy suggests that beds available were used for a different patient population, possibly reflecting a previously unmet need. TRIALS REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03271593.

Viridans Group Streptococcal Infections in Children After Chemotherapy or Stem Cell Transplantation: A 10-year Review From a Tertiary Pediatric Hospital.

Viridans Group Streptococci (VGS) are associated with high mortality rates in febrile neutropenia; yet there are no recent European pediatric studies to inform antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics, outcome, and resistance patterns of children with VGS bacteremia (VGSB) undergoing treatment of malignancy or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Patients aged 0 to 18 years, admitted to a tertiary pediatric hemato-oncology center with VGSB, from 2003 to 2013, were included in the study. All data were collected retrospectively from medical records. A total of 54 bacteremic episodes occurred in 46 patients. The most common underlying diagnosis was relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Streptococcus mitis was the most frequent organism. A total of 30% of isolates were resistant to penicillin and 100% sensitive to vancomycin. There were 8 episodes (14.8%) of Viridans Group Streptococcal Shock Syndrome; 6 resulted in admission to intensive care and 3 of these patients died of multiorgan failure. The potentially fatal nature of VGSB is confirmed. The high risk in relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia is of note. Research is needed to develop risk-stratification scores that identify children at risk of Viridans Group Streptococcal Shock Syndrome to guide empirical antimicrobial therapy in febrile neutropenia.

Management of granulomatous cerebral aspergillosis in immunocompetent adult patients: a review.

Cerebral aspergillosis, is an infrequent, opportunistic infection of the central nervous system that accounts for 5-10% of all intracranial fungal pathology. It is uncommon in immunocompetent patients and has a significant disease burden, with high morbidity and mortality, even with appropriate treatment. Basic principles of abscess management should be employed, including aspiration and targeted anti-fungal therapy for 12-18 months. However, reported outcomes with a purely minimally invasive approach are poor and there should be a low threshold for surgical excision, especially in resource poor settings and in patients with deteriorating neurology harbouring sizeable masses. Evidence favouring gross total excision over subtotal resection is lacking, however. It is notable that these recommendations are largely based on retrospective case series and isolated case reports. There is a need therefore for international collaboration to evaluate management strategies for immunocompetent patients with cerebral aspergillosis.

Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is the most common hospital-acquired infection affecting patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, current national guidelines for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) are several years old and the diagnosis of pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients (VAP) has been subject to considerable recent attention. The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for HAP in the critically ill is uncertain. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of short versus prolonged-course antibiotics for HAP in critically ill adults, including patients with VAP. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (2015, Issue 5), MEDLINE (1946 to June 2015), MEDLINE in-process and other non-indexed citations (5 June 2015), EMBASE (2010 to June 2015), LILACS (1982 to June 2015) and Web of Science (1955 to June 2015). SELECTION CRITERIA: We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a fixed 'short' duration of antibiotic therapy with a 'prolonged' course for HAP (including patients with VAP) in critically ill adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors conducted data extraction and assessment of risk of bias. We contacted trial authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: We identified six relevant studies involving 1088 participants. This included two new studies published after the date of our previous review (2011). There was substantial variation in participants, in the diagnostic criteria used to define an episode of pneumonia, in the interventions and in the reported outcomes. We found no evidence relating to patients with a high probability of HAP who were not mechanically ventilated. For patients with VAP, overall a short seven- or eight-day course of antibiotics compared with a prolonged 10- to 15-day course increased 28-day antibiotic-free days (two studies; N = 431; mean difference (MD) 4.02 days; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.26 to 5.78) and reduced recurrence of VAP due to multi-resistant organisms (one study; N = 110; odds ratio (OR) 0.44; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.95), without adversely affecting mortality and other recurrence outcomes. However, for cases of VAP specifically due to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB), recurrence was greater after short-course therapy (two studies, N = 176; OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.14 to 4.16), though mortality outcomes were not significantly different. One study found that a three-day course of antibiotic therapy for patients with suspected HAP but a low Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was associated with a significantly lower risk of superinfection or emergence of antimicrobial resistance, compared with standard (prolonged) course therapy. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of a small number of studies and appreciating the lack of uniform definition of pneumonia, we conclude that for patients with VAP not due to NF-GNB a short, fixed course (seven or eight days) of antibiotic therapy appears not to increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes, and may reduce the emergence of resistant organisms, compared with a prolonged course (10 to 15 days). However, for patients with VAP due to NF-GNB, there appears to be a higher risk of recurrence following short-course therapy. These findings do not differ from those of our previous review and are broadly consistent with current guidelines. There are few data from RCTs comparing durations of therapy in non-ventilated patients with HAP, but on the basis of a single study, short-course (three-day) therapy for HAP appears not to be associated with worse clinical outcome, and may reduce the risk of subsequent infection or the emergence of resistant organisms when there is low probability of pneumonia according to the CPIS.

Posaconazole responsive cerebral aspergillosis in an immunocompetent adult.

Cerebral aspergillosis is a rare manifestation of invasive aspergillosis that usually affects immunocompromised patients. There are few treatment options for recurrent disease and experiences with immunocompetent patients are lacking. We report the clinical course of an immunocompetent patient with recurrent cerebral aspergillosis, following initial treatment with burr hole aspiration and voriconazole, who showed remarkable response to posaconazole. The patient remains clinically well with no evidence of recurrence on MRI 7 years following diagnosis. To our knowledge this is the first reported experience with posaconazole in an immunocompetent patient with cerebral aspergillosis.

A retrospective study of secondary bacteraemia in hospitalised adults with community acquired non-typhoidal Salmonella gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of bacteraemia secondary to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis in hospitalised adults is uncertain. METHODS: Adults admitted to a hospital in Liverpool, UK, with NTS gastroenteritis were identified using hospital discharge data and laboratory records. Patients with known HIV infection were excluded. Risk factors for a complicated or fatal course were determined. RESULTS: Between 1982 and 2006 inclusive, 633 adults were identified. Serovars causing infection included Enteritidis (46.6%), Typhimurium (27.6%) and Virchow (4.9%). A blood culture was taken in 364 (57.5%) patients who were generally sicker than those who were not cultured. Bacteraemia was detected in 63 (17.3%) patients who had blood cultures taken (63/633 (10.0%) of all patients). Bacteraemia was more common in those aged ≥ 65 years (p < 0.001) and in those aged < 65 years who had an underlying chronic disease. A complicated course occurred in 91 (25.0%) patients who had had a blood culture taken (148/633 (23.4%) of all patients). Independent factors associated with a complicated or fatal course among the patients investigated with a blood culture were bacteraemia (Adjusted Odds Ratio 5.34, 95% CI 2.86-9.95); new onset confusion or coma (AOR 4.80, 95% CI 1.91-12.07); prolonged symptoms prior to admission (AOR 2.48, 95% CI 1.44-4.27); dehydration (AOR1.90, 95% CI 1.07-3.38); and absence of fever (AOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.95). The 30 day attributable case fatality for all patients was 1.5%. CONCLUSIONS: In this study secondary bacteraemia, as well as other clinical factors, was independently associated with a complicated or fatal course in non-HIV infected adults admitted to hospital with NTS gastroenteritis.

Management of suspected herpes simplex virus encephalitis in adults in a U.K. teaching hospital.

The outcome of herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is improved with prompt initiation of aciclovir treatment. Delays are common, but there is little understanding of why they occur. The case notes of 21 adults admitted with suspected HSV encephalitis over one year were reviewed. The median (range) duration of illness was 2.5 (1-99) days. Seventeen (81%) patients had a lumbar puncture (LP) performed, at a median (range) time of 24 (2-114) hours after encephalitis was suspected. Lumbar puncture was delayed for a computed tomography (CT) scan in 15 patients, but only one of these had contraindications to an immediate LP. The median (range) time from presentation to starting aciclovir was 48 (2-432) hours. HSV-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was requested on cerebrospinal fluid from 12 patients, one of whom was positive. Five (24%) patients were given the wrong dose of aciclovir. Overall the management of suspected HSV encephalitis was often sub-optimal, with delays in LP occurring due to unnecessary CT scans, and the wrong aciclovir dose administered. Guidelines for the management of suspected encephalitis are needed.

Issues of human rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine: policy versus practice.

A retrospective audit was conducted of all issues of rabies vaccine or human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) from the Clinical Microbiology Department at University Hospital Aintree for post-exposure prophylaxis. The appropriateness of management was reviewed by a blinded panel, which used guidelines issued by the Health Protection Agency (HPA) as a standard. Thirty-six enquiries, on average 9 days following exposure, led to issues of HRIG, rabies vaccine or both. Dog bites accounted for the majority of incidents. In no cases was the biting animal recorded as having been observed for signs of rabies. Management was judged to have been inappropriate in 9 cases, and documentation was judged to have been unsatisfactory in 13 cases. This study has highlighted several areas of ambiguity in the current guidelines, and a number of deficiencies in the information prompted by the standardized proformas used to deal with post-exposure queries.