Maturation of set-modulation of lower extremity EMG responses to postural perturbations.

To analyse the influence of different "postural sets" on stance stabilizing EMG responses in children, EMG responses to toe-up tilt perturbations were recorded in 70 children between the age of 9 months and 10 years, as well as in a control group of 10 adults under different postural set conditions, using either bilateral destabilization with eyes opened, eyes closed, or introducing additional minute upper extremity support. Recordings were also made with the children seated in front of the platform with the ankle joint angle being identical to that in the standing condition. Also recordings were made after unilateral destabilization in bilateral lower leg muscles, to determine if there is a generalization of EMG response patterns to the mechanically not disturbed side. Across all age-groups the principal modulation of EMG response changes according to postural conditions was identical. Long latency (LL) EMG responses were down-regulated when additional upper extremity support was provided. LL-responses were abolished in the sitting condition. With unilateral destabilizations throughout all age-groups short latency responses were restricted to the perturbed side, whereas long latency responses could be obtained symmetrically. The proximal to distal gradient of recruitment of muscle groups, remained identical across all age-groups. The data indicate that the basic organizational principle of stance stabilizing EMG responses and their modification by postural sets remains invariant across development. This indicates that the involved organizational principles are present as soon as a child is able to stand upright and are not subject to further shaping by motor learning.

Maturation of lower extremity EMG responses to postural perturbations: relationship of response-latencies to development of fastest central and peripheral efferents.

EMG responses to toe-up tilt perturbations on a movable platform system were analysed in 86 children between the age of 12 months and 13 years. To assess the relative contribution of peripheral and central nerve conduction properties, a concomitant recording of the fastest efferent pathways in the central and peripheral motor system was made using non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and peripheral nerve roots. This allowed the determination of the fastest downstream efferent connection times from motor cortex to lumbar motor neuron pools and to measure the fastest efferent conduction from these motor neuron pools to effector muscles in the lower leg. The sequence observed for stance stabilizing EMG responses was similar to that obtained in earlier studies with short latency (SL) and middle latency (ML) companents occurring in the stretched triceps surae muscle and long latency (LL) responses occurring in the non-stretched tibialis anterior muscle. Homologous responses were also obtained in upper leg muscles, being recruited consistently later than those in lower leg muscles across all age groups. In the short latency range two different SL1- and SL2-responses were obtained in children of all age groups as well as in adult controls. Both the SL1- and the SL2-responses showed a flat developmental profile, reaching adult values between 20 and 30 months of age which correlated with that of the fastest efferents from lumbar motor neuron pools to leg muscles, i.e. the final motor path. ML-responses showed a steeper developmental profile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)