Different protein kinase C isoforms determine growth factor specificity in neuronal cells.

Although mitogenic and differentiating factors often activate a number of common signaling pathways, the mechanisms leading to their distinct cellular outcomes have not been elucidated. In a previous report, we demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK) activation by the neurogenic agents fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and nerve growth factor is dependent on protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), whereas MAP kinase activation in response to the mitogen epidermal growth factor (EGF) is independent of PKCdelta in rat hippocampal (H19-7) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. We now show that EGF activates MAP kinase through a PKCzeta-dependent pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and PDK1 in H19-7 cells. PKCzeta, like PKCdelta, acts upstream of MEK, and PKCzeta can potentiate Raf-1 activation by EGF. Inhibition of PKCzeta also blocks EGF-induced DNA synthesis as monitored by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in H19-7 cells. Finally, in embryonic rat brain hippocampal cell cultures, inhibitors of PKCzeta or PKCdelta suppress MAP kinase activation by EGF or FGF, respectively, indicating that these factors activate distinct signaling pathways in primary as well as immortalized neural cells. Taken together, these results implicate different PKC isoforms as determinants of growth factor signaling specificity within the same cell. Furthermore, these data provide a mechanism whereby different growth factors can differentially activate a common signaling intermediate and thereby generate biological diversity.

Protein kinase Cdelta mediates neurogenic but not mitogenic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in neuronal cells.

In several neuronal cell systems, fibroblast-derived growth factor (FGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) act as neurogenic agents, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) acts as a mitogen. The mechanisms responsible for these different cellular fates are unclear. We report here that although FGF, NGF, and EGF all activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (extracellular signal-related kinase [ERK]) in rat hippocampal (H19-7) and pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, the activation of ERK by the neurogenic agents FGF and NGF is dependent upon protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta), whereas ERK activation in response to the mitogenic EGF is independent of PKCdelta. Antisense PKCdelta oligonucleotides or the PKCdelta-specific inhibitor rottlerin inhibited FGF- and NGF-induced, but not EGF-induced, ERK activation. In contrast, EGF-induced ERK activation was inhibited by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, which had no effect upon FGF-induced ERK activation. Rottlerin also inhibited the activation of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) in response to activated Raf, but had no effect upon c-Raf activity or ERK activation by activated MEK. These results indicate that PKCdelta functions either downstream from or in parallel with c-Raf, but upstream of MEK. Inhibition of PKCdelta also blocked neurite outgrowth induced by FGF and NGF in PC12 cells and by activated Raf in H19-7 cells, indicating a role for PKCdelta in the neurogenic effects of FGF, NGF, and Raf. Interestingly, the PKCdelta requirement is apparently cell type specific, since FGF-induced ERK activation was independent of PKCdelta in NIH 3T3 murine fibroblasts, in which FGF is a mitogen. These data demonstrate that PKCdelta contributes to growth factor specificity and response in neuronal cells and may also promote cell-type-specific differences in growth factor signaling.